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Patho Midterm
Pathophysiology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? | Expressivity; Expressivity is the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype. For neurofibromatosis, a variety of manifestations occur among individuals. |
| What type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequence and thus has no observable consequence? | Silent; Silent mutations do not change the amino acid sequence and therefore have no consequences. |
| A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: | Delayed Age Of Onset; A key feature of Huntington disease is its delayed age of onset such that symptoms are not seen until 40 years of age or later. |
| Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? | The frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule. This greatly alters the amino acid sequence, which affects protein synthesis. |
| A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This wound would be documented as a(n): | Contact Range Entrance; distinctive type of wound that happens when a gun is held so the muzzle rests/presses the skin surface; in addition to the hole, there is searing of the edges of the wound from flame and soot or smoke on the edges of the wound. |
| A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo: | Compensatory Hyperplasia; Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive, not pathologic, mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. |
| A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient’s body? | Protein; Russell bodies occur due to excess aggregates of protein. |
| A 2 year old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause? | Coagulative Necrosis; Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands and commonly results from hypoxia. |
| An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space? | Increased interstitial oncotic pressure; Increased interstitial oncotic pressure would attract water from the capillary into the interstitial space. |
| A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) | Weakness; Confusion; Nausea; Muscle Twitching |
| Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system? | Carbonic Acid/Bicarbonate; The carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer pair operates in both the lung and the kidney and is a major extracellular buffer. |
| Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: | Liver Failure; Liver failure leads to lost or diminished plasma albumin production, and this contributes to decreased plasma oncotic pressure. |
| A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: | Anaphylaxis; Anaphylaxis occurs within minutes of reexposure to the antigen and can be either systemic (generalized) or cutaneous (localized). |
| In addition to matching ABO antigens, a blood transfusion must also be matched for: | Rh antigen |
| A 30-year-old female complains of fatigue, arthritis, rash, and changes in urine color. Laboratory testing reveals anemia, lymphopenia, and kidney inflammation. Assuming a diagnosis of SLE, which of the following is also likely to be present? | Autoantibodies; The presence of autoantibodies is a diagnostic criterion for SLE. |
| A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine. When the person asks what was given in the vaccine, how should the nurse respond? The antigen is: | Alive but less infectious. |
| An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing? | Anaplasia |
| A patient asks when adjuvant chemotherapy is used. How should the nurse respond? Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used: | After surgical removal of a tumor. |
| Which information indicates a nurse understands characteristics of malignant tumors? | Cells vary in shape and size. Malignant tumors have cells that vary in both size and shape, and they grow rapidly. They are poorly differentiated and not encapsulated. |
| A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? | HPV |
| Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells that were not directly irradiated are referred to as: | Bystander Effects; The directly irradiated cells can lead to genetic effects in the so-called bystander cells or innocent cells. This is termed bystander effects. |
| A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 mcg/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water? | Skin; Evidence indicates an increased risk of bladder, skin, and lung cancers following consumption of water with high levels of arsenic. |
| The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the following? | It increases gut motility, thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens. |
| When an oncologist is teaching about how radiation induces genomic instability, which topic should the oncologist discuss? | Facilitating new mutations |
| A 16 year old with aspirations of becoming a bodybuilder spends 3 hours a day in the gym. Five years later, a hepatocellular carcinoma is discovered. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the cancer? | Anabolic Steroids |
| What is the origin of most childhood cancers? | Mesodermal Germ Layer |
| The nurse explains to a parent that young children diagnosed with Down syndrome are at higher risk for developing: | Leukemia |
| A nurse is preparing to teach the most common malignancy in children. Which malignancy should the nurse discuss? | Leukemia |
| 52 y/o M has a sleep study to gather information about his sleep disturbances. He reports that his wife will not let him sleep in bed with her until he stops snoring so loudly. He also reports fatigue through the day. What is the most likely diagnosis? | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); OSAS generally results from upper airway obstruction recurring during sleep with excessive snoring and multiple apneic episodes that last 10 seconds or longer. |
| A young child presents to the ophthalmologist for visual difficulties secondary to eye deviation. One of the child’s eyes deviates inward, thereby decreasing the visual field. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely? | Entropia |
| A patient is undergoing a sleep lab test. When the sleep lab worker notices EEG patterns with brain activity similar to the normal awake pattern, which phase of sleep is occurring? | REM |
| Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is characterized by a fever of __° F or greater. | 38.3 C |
| A 16 y/o level of arousal was altered after taking a recreational drug. Physical exam revealed a negative Babinski sign, equal and reactive pupils, and roving eye movements. Which of the following diagnoses will the nurse most likely see on the chart? | Metabolically Induced Coma; Persons with metabolically induced coma generally retain ocular reflexes even when other signs of brainstem damage are present. |
| A compensatory alteration in the diameter of cerebral blood vessels in response to increased intracranial pressure is called: | Autoregulation; Autoregulation is the compensatory alteration in the diameter of the intracranial blood vessels designed to maintain a constant blood flow during changes in cerebral perfusion pressure. |
| A patient is admitted to the neurologic critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, the forearms are hyperpronated, and the legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition? | Decerebrate posturing |
| A nurse notes that a patient walks with the leg extended and held stiff, causing a scraping over the floor surface. What type of gait is the patient experiencing? | Spastic Gait |
| A 72-year-old patient demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted less than an hour and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n): | Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) When symptoms resolve with complete recovery, it is a transient ischemic attack. |
| What are the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in adults? | Astrocytomas |
| A 65-year-old patient diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to uncontrolled hypertension appears drowsy and confused with pronounced focal neurologic deficits. This symptomology would place this hemorrhage at which grade? | III; With grade III, the patient experiences drowsiness and confusion with or without focal neurologic deficits and pronounced meningeal signs. |
| 60 y/o patient with a recent history of head trauma & long-term hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that the patient has experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke? | Aneurysm |
| What term is used to document a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the occipital area of the skull? | Encephalocele |
| An infant has an anterior midline defect of neural tube closure. What term will the nurse observe written on the chart? | Cyclopia |
| What is the most common location of brain tumors in children? | In the posterior fossa |
| Which of the following diseases does the nurse screen for in all newborns? | Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| What is the earliest manifestation of diabetes-induced kidney dysfunction? | Microalbuminuria |
| What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)? | A familial, autosomal dominant gene defect |
| A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which electrolyte imbalance would be expected in this patient? | Hyponatremia |
| Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The endocrinologist explains to the patient that the main cause of these complications is: | orbital edema and protrusion of the eyeball. |
| Which statement is true regarding anorexia of aging? | The individual experiences waning hunger. |
| Which obesity risk factor does the nurse identify as related to metabolic abnormalities? | Cushing Syndrome |
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Janelleu4771
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