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Geology - Petrology
Reviewer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Their mineral composition depends on the source rock, but common minerals include quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals | Composition of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks |
| Primarily composed of calcium carbonate | Limestone |
| Clastic sedimentary; has excellent properties for retaining oil and gas, making it an important source rock for fossil fuels | Shale |
| Crucial role in understanding the Earth's geological history and has various applications in industries such as resource exploration, earthquake studies and environmental assessment | Petrology |
| cools rapidly; smaller mineral crystals | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Cooling Rate |
| typically in Earth's surface; volcanic eruptions | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Occurrence |
| composed mainly of alkali feldspars and small amount of quartz | Syenite |
| fine-grained; one of the most common rocks and known for its dark color and columnar jointing | Basalt |
| range of textures, from crystalline to fine-grained. | Chemical Sedimentary |
| formed from the accumulation of shells and other organic remains of marine organisms | Limestone |
| clastic sedimentary; often found in riverbeds and alluvial fan deposits | Conglomerate |
| formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks (either igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) through changes in temperature, pressure, and/or the presence of chemically active fluids. | Metamorphic Rocks |
| lack the layered or banded appearance seen in foliated rock | Non-Foliated |
| igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic | Classification of Rocks |
| solidification of molten rock material called magma or lava | Igneous Rocks |
| beneath the Earth's surface when the molten magma cools and solidifies slowly within the Earth's crust | Intrusive Igneous Rock |
| cool slowly; larger mineral crystals | Intrusive Igneous Rock - Cooling Rate |
| coarse-grained / rough surface | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Texture |
| darker due to the presence of minerals like mica, pyroxene, amphibole | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Color |
| Common examples of Intrusive Rocks | Granite Diorite Gabbro Pegmatite |
| exposed at the surface through erosion and tectonic forces over long geological periods | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Exposure |
| form on or near the Earth's surface when the molten magma or lava cools and solidifies quickly | Extrusive Igneous Rocks |
| fine grained | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Texture |
| lighter due to a lower concentration of dark minerals | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Color |
| Common examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks | Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Obsidian |
| composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, mica | Granite |
| commonly used as a building material due to its durability, and attractive appearance | Granite |
| reddish-brown in color | Syenite |
| composed of plagiocase feldspar, biotite, hornblende | Diorite |
| speckled appearance due to the presence of dark-colored minerals | Diorite |
| composed mainly of calcium-rich plagiocase feldspar and pyroxene | Gabbro |
| commonly used as dimension stone in construction | Gabbro |
| known for its exceptionally large crystals and is a valuable source of gemstones | Pegmatite |
| contains rare minerals | Pegmatite |
| medium-grained; similar in basalt in composition; commonly used in road construction due to its durability | Dolerite |
| form through the accumulation and lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediments | Sedimentary Rocks |
| rock fragments are called ____ | Clasts |
| form from the accumulation and lithification of mineral and rock fragments | Clastic Sedimentary Rock |
| How are the clasts transported before deposition and lithification? | Water, Wind, or Ice |
| Have a clastic or detrital texture, with individual clasts visible to the naked eye | Clastic Sedimentary - Texture |
| can be well-sorted (similar-sized clasts) or poorly sorted (mixed-sized clasts). | Clastic Sedimentary - Sorting |
| form from the accumulation and lithification of organic materials such as plant debris and animal remains | Organic Sedimentary Rock - Origin |
| typically form in environments with abundant organic matter, like swamps, lakes, and ocean floors | Organic Sedimentary Rock - Environment |
| What type of decomposition does the organic material of Organic Sedimentary Rocks udergo before being compacted and cemented | Partial Decomposition |
| often have a fine-grained texture, but this can vary. | Texture of Organic Sedimentary |
| primarily organic carbon, which can become concentrated and turn into coal or oil shale | Organic Sedimentary Rock Composition |
| often contain fossils, including plant remains and sometimes marine organisms. | Organic Sedimentary Rock |
| form from the precipitation of minerals from solution (usually in water) | Chemical Sedimentary Rock |
| often form in environments with evaporation or where mineral-rich water interacts with existing rocks. | Chemical Sedimentary Rock |
| usually created through chemical processes, often in aqueous environments. | Origin of Chemical Sedimentary Rock |
| composed mainly of sand-sized grains of mineral, rock, or organic material | Sandstone |
| clastic sedimentary; used as building material and in production of glass | Sandstone |
| chemical sedimentary; widely used in construction and as a raw material in cement manufacturing | Limestone |
| fine-grained; composed of mud-sized particles | Shale |
| composed of rounded pebbles or cobbles embedded in a matrix of sand or silt | Conglomerate |
| composed of angular fragments of rock or mineral grains | Breccia |
| clastic sedimentary; formed through the accumulation of fragmented material in fault zones or near the base of a mountain | Breccia |
| have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of mineral grains or the presence of alternating light and dark bands | Foliated Metamorphic Rocks |
| exhibit a foliation plane or cleavage along which they tend to split. | Texture of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks |
| What minerals are often included in Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Mica Chlorite Talc Schist Garnet |
| Common Examples of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Gneiss Slate Schist |
| Common examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks | Quartzite Marble |
| formed from quartz-rich sandstone | Quartzite |
| non-foliated; known for its hardness and resistance to chemical weathering. | Quartzite |
| formed from limestone or dolomite | Marble |
| non-foliated; prized for its beauty and is commonly used in sculpture and building materials. | Marble |
| formed from fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale | Slate |
| foliated; can be easily split into thin layers and is commonly used as a roofing material. | Slate |
| formed from the metamorphism of granite or sedimentary rocks. | Gneiss |
| foliated; rock characterized by alternating light and dark mineral bands | Gneiss |
| foliated; has a distinctive foliated texture and is often used as a decorative stone | Schist |
| characterized by the presence of mica minerals | Schist |
Created by:
frishanini
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