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APES unit 2A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| layers of the earth | core mantle crust |
| oceanic crust | basaltic rock dense thin young less buoyant floats lower |
| continental crust | granitic rock less dense thick older more buoyant floats higher |
| aesthenosphere | middle mantle magma melting rock |
| lithosphere | crust + upper mantle tectonic plates |
| core layers | inner outer |
| mantle layers | lower mantle upper mantle |
| continental drift | continents slowly moving, fit like puzzle pieces. |
| pangaea | one big continent |
| methods of surveying ocean floor | echo-sounding magnometers |
| ocean topography | ocean ridges and deep sea trenches earthquakes + volcanoes |
| seafloor spreading | formed at ridges, new magma bubbles to form new crust |
| magma | molten rock |
| plate boundaries | divergent, convergent, and transform interaction between plates |
| divergent oceanic boundaries | forms rift valley paired ridges seafloor spreading -> rift valley and new crust volcanic activity hydrothermal vents earthquakes e.g. mid atlantic oceanic ridge, south pacific |
| divergent continental boundaries | paired reidges rift valley -> no new crust, just stretching earthquakes little volcanic activity, more lakes e.g. red sea, central east africa |
| convergent oceanic boundaries | volcanic island arc underwater volcanoes e.g. Aleutian, Marianas, Japan |
| convergent continental boundaries | mountain ranges (non volcanic) earthquakes e.g. himilayans |
| convergent oceanic-continental boundaries | volcanic mountains 100 miles inland subduction (oceanic plate more dense goes under) trenches earthquakes e.g. andes, PNW |
| transform boundaries | plates moving against each other deformed crust, long faults earthquakes e.g. san andreas fault |
| mantle convection | movement of heated matter density changes drives late movements hot up cold down up causes divergent, down causes convergent |
| push/pulls of ridges/slabs | push ridges up pull slabs intro trenches |
| subduction | more dense plate goes under the less dense one makes trenches and volcanic activity |
| proof of continental drift | puzzle pieces matching rocks matching fossils climate evidence |
| volcanoes | quiescent vs. explosive hawaii v. st helen lava - smooth or chunky releases gases and pyroclastic materials, ejecta pyroclastic and lahar flows ring of fire hotspots magma moves thru fissure |
| earthquakes | crust suddenly fractures, shifts to relieve stress, releases energy through shock waves magnitude measured in the Richter scale (10^) aftershocks + foreshocks causes shaking + movement 2ndary effects rock slides, fires, floods |
| tsunamis | huge waves causes by underwater earthquake -> part of ocean floor suddenly drops/rises approaches coast waves get tall and closer other causes: volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, terrestrial landslides, ET objects in ocean |
| hydrothermal vents | cracks in oceanic lithosphere, h2o heats as steam and minerals div. + conv. boundaries, hotspots chemosynthesis - minerals not light |
| rock cycle | |
| igneous rocks | made directly from magma basaltic/granitic(more permeable), both fertile intrusive - formed in the earth extrusive - from when magma comes onto surface |
| sedimentary rocks | composed of sediments long period of time fossil record |
| metamorphic rocks | formed under high pressure |
| layers of the atmosphere | (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere) naturally occurring greenhouse gasses & why they trap heat (and what heat are they trapping) greenhouse effect ozone layer tropopause |
| uneven solar distribution | angle surface area amount of refletion |
| earth's tilt | 23.5 degrees causes seasons |
| air currents | move air, moisture affect temp. |
| qualities of air circulation | density saturation point pressure change circulation of heat |
| convection cells | hadley, ferrell, polar generalized resulting climate patterns at different latitudes (0, 30, 60, 90) ITCZ |
| convection cycles | |
| coriolis effect | earth's rotation deflects objects |
| rain shadows | region with dry conditions on leeward side of mntn, precipitation on windward side |
| convection | transfer of hear in fluid (gas or liquid) |
| buoyancy | object's ability to float in fluid |
| prevailing winds | carry weather cause ocean surfaces currents |
| doldrums | where two winds meet, potential dead zone |
| gyres | circular currents |
| weather | short term atmospheric conditions |
| climate | patterns of weather over 30 yrs |
| front | boundary between 2 masses of different temperature + pressure |
| jet streams | powerful winds on top of the troposphere, follow paths |
| El Niño/ENSO | reversal of normal ocean current patterns in pacific ocean. stops upwelling and cooler conditions, causes droughts and flooding. |
| La Niña | reverse of El Niño, brings back upwelling and cooler patterns |
| Tornadoes | funnel clouds that form over land large dry cold front from Mexico, vertical convection |
| Tropical Cyclones | low pressure cells over warm tropical seas hurricanes in atlantic, typhoons in pacific |
| urban heat island effect | more heat absorbed in urban areas bc of surfaces with low albedo and less tree cover |
| thermohaline circulation | downwelling - polar regions, brings oxygen to deep ocean, causes deep water currents |
| upwelling | cold water coming from deep, brings nutrients |
| electromagnetic radiation: UV vs. visible light vs. infrared radiation | |
| specific hear capacity | how much heat something can hold and how fast it loses it |
| insolation | incoming solar radiation |
| aerosols | particulates or liquid drops suspended in liquid or gas |
| albedo | how much sun is reflected back |
| adiabatic cooling | less pressure, air moving up, cooling |
| adiabatic heating | more pressure, air moving down, warming |
| saturation point | high temp high water vapor, low temp, rain |
| latent heat release | water condenses and releases heat during heat circulation |
| mitigation of tectonic events | mapping fault zones evacuation plans reinforcing buildings buoys, coral reefs, mangroves for tsunamis |
Created by:
sarahm-m
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