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History Unit 2
Beginning of USA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Founding Fathers Wanted | Democratic Republic - Democracy: People Rule - Republic: A government not controlled by a Monarch - Monarchs kill Republics and Democracies |
| Founding Fathers were inspired by the Roman Example to see a recent example of a Democratic Republic. | The Roman Example: How to avoid making the Democratic Republic fall. Avoid what they did. (Last example of Democracy) Roman Republic (Light of Civilization): Senate ruled Roman Empire (Dark Ages): Monarch ruled |
| Founding Fathers Agreed On: Part 1 | - Outlawed Political Parties (Corrupt) - No Political Campaigns (People picked leaders.) - Never Seek Office (Suspicious) - Why want to work where you have to sacrifice time & money? - No Career Politicians - Disinterested Politician (No money) |
| Founding Fathers Agreed On: Part 2 | - Self-Sacrifice in Office (Sacrifice self-interest for the best of us all) - Only Aristocrats should serve in national offices - Why: Had the money to go and not be broke. (Poor men could not.) Aristocrats can read, poor people were illiterate. |
| Founding Fathers Basic Premise | Wanted to make people that served in office not exactly be enthusiastic to prevent corruption and career politicians. |
| Founding Fathers Disagreed On: Part 1 | Interpretation of the Constitution The Power of the Federal Government Foreign Alliances The National Bank Tariffs The Notion of Revolutions National Taxes Social Classes The Bill of Rights Future of America |
| Because of these disagreements, The Founding Fathers split into 2 parties | The Federalists and Republicans - Later on, Federalists got everything they wanted since Republicans became Federalists. |
| Interpretation of the Constitution | - Federalist: Loose Interpretation - Republicans: Strict Interpretation |
| Why Federalists wanted Loose Interpretation? | The Federal Government may adopt a new power without amending the Constitution so long as the new power isn’t illegal. - No amendments since it’s Common Law - Inspired by British Common Law - Went through Congress since easy majority vote |
| Why Republicans wanted Strict Interpretation? | The Federal Government may not adopt a new power without amending the Constitution - Amendments take more than 50% to ratify (3/4 States) - Inspired by French Positive Law - Positive/Organic Law: These laws change. (Always rewriting) |
| The Power of the Federal Government | - Federalist: Strong Federal Government and Weak State Government Why: To mandate and supervise the states - Republicans: Weak Federal Government and Strong State Government Why: States' Rights and wanted personal liberty |
| Foreign Alliances | - Federalist: British Alliance Why: Anglophiles (Love British) and Francophobes (Hate French) - Republicans: French Alliance Why: Anglophobes (Hate British) and Francophiles (Love French) |
| The National Bank | - Federalist: Good - Republicans: Bad |
| Why Federalists wanted The National Bank? | Get out of British debt and fund the Industrial Revolution and projects. - Hamiltonian System of National Economics (Bank Name) - Money from the Hamiltonian System is used to build (States don't have money) public works. Roads, canals, bridges, schools. |
| Why Republicans didn't wanted The National Bank? | - No Monarchy - No taxes - State Economies should be the largest - State Bank, no tariffs, indirect nat. taxes x 13 (Older) |
| Tariffs (High or Low) and what does Laissez-faire mean? | - Federalist: High Tariff Why: They can benefit more since they’re rich. - Republicans: Low/No Tariff Why: Don’t want to pay much since they’re poor and wanted Laissez-faire. Laissez-faire: Government doesn’t interfere with the economy. (Hands off) |
| The Notion of Revolutions | - Federalist: Bad Why: Money Disruption and Chaos - Republicans: Good Why: Necessary Medicine for a Republic (Thomas Jefferson said this) |
| National Taxes | - Federalist: Direct Taxes Why: Rich wanna tax the poor - Republicans: Indirect Taxes Why: State Rights and they’re poor - Direct National Tax: FT on citizens - Indirect National Tax: FT on the States and States decide if they put it on citizens |
| Other Taxes | - Excise Tax: On the poor farmers who made it - Sales Tax: On the rich merchants who sold it |
| Social Classes | - Federalist: Party of The Rich - Republicans: Party of The Poor/Common Man |
| The Bill of Rights | - Federalist: Isn’t Necessary Why: it’s “Common Law” (Everyone knows it) - Republicans: Is Necessary Why: To protect personal liberties and states’ rights |
| Future of America | - Federalist: Factories (Hamilton Wanted) Why: To have only American goods an stop depending on other countries - Republicans: Farming (Thomas Jefferson Wanted) Why: Because we were close to nature. |
| Reasons Why Slavery Was Never Mentioned | - Practical/Political Reason: Would split the country (Separation of North and South) - Philosophical Reason: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness contradicted slavery |
| Slave-owning Abolitionists | George Washington (freed his slaves, retirement fund) James Monroe (freed his slaves, bonus) Thomas Jefferson (Wanted the DOI to abolish slavery with the 1st 2 drafts. |
| The Northwest Ordinance | Stated that Northwest Territory couldn’t have slaves. Thomas Jefferson stated that the Territorial constitutions was different than State constitutions so they couldn’t have slaves. |
| Northwest Territory | - Ohio - Michigan - Indiana - Illinois - Wisconsin - Part of Minnesota |
| The Abolition Act | Abolished the importation of slaves - Made by TJ - Goal: End slavery - Very close to ending slavery but Industrial Revolution with the Cotton Gin ruined it. |
| New World Slavery | - Begun by the Portuguese - Cabo Verde Island: African Political slaves were bought for hard labor on sugar plantations in Cabo Verde Islands - A product of Commerce/Economics - In the Caribbean and North America |
| George Washington’s Presidency | - Only President of US to try to live up to the “Roman Example” - Claiming to be Neutral but was secretly Federalist |
| Ways George Washington Was Federalist | - The National Bank - The Jay Treaty - The Whiskey Rebellion - The Farewell Address |
| The National Bank | - Designed by Hamilton to be supreme over the state banks - Had 20 yrs charter (Lifespan) - A loose interpretation of law - TJ claimed the bank was corrupt and illegal - GW signed bank bill despite the advice of Reps. |
| The Jay Treaty | - Designed by John Jay - The 1st foreign treaty in the Constitution - Meant to clean up the aftereffects of the American Revolution |
| The Jay Treaty: Goals | - Resolve the U.S. and England war debt issues/reparations - Get England to remove the remaining British forts from U.S. soil - Get England to stop inflicting BNI (We Wanted Now) |
| British Naval Impressment (BNI) | Eng. stopped U.S. merchant ships to reach nonBritish ports in the Caribbean Ocean and Europe from trading with other nations. Told Americans if they had a British accent then gave 2 options, work for them until 7 Yr War is over or go to jail in Eng. |
| The Jay Treaty: Hamilton Sabotage | Sabotaged because wanted better relations with England and the treaty would hinder that. - Sent a letter before Jay did and said don’t worry about BNI. I promise GW will sign it without it. - Everyone told GW to not sign it but Hamilton. GW signed. |
| The Jay Treaty: GW Regret | GW later wrote that this treaty was a horrible mistake since it would likely lead to a second war with England over BNI. It did. |
| 4 Contemporary Revolutions/Rebellions | - French Revolution (Liked it? Mostly Republican) - Haitian Revolution (Republican disliked it) - The Whiskey Rebellion (Hamilton Hated and took down) - The Shays Rebellion (Poor people war) |
| The Whiskey Rebellion: Cause | Poor American farmers (Rep) invented bourbon whiskey as a “winter crop” got them through winter - Hamilton issued the 1st Federal Tax (The Whiskey Tax) - A Direct Excise Tax - Pissed off TJ and the poor farmers. - Caused the Whiskey Rebellion |
| The Whiskey Rebellion: Results | - Very 1st national protest - Marched to the capital at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Federalists). Pennsylvania is surrounded by Republicans. - Large peaceful march but well-armed |
| The Whiskey Rebellion: GW Running Over Citizens :) | - Hamilton told GW that the farmers were there to kill all the Federalists - GW lead a military charge, with the past uniforms and horses from the Revolutionary war, and run the farmers over. |
| The Farewell Address | - Made by GW - People thought he would keep getting re-elected until he died; instead, he wanted to leave after his second term. - Set the trend for Farewell addresses and 2 terms only - Federalists were losing a lot of power and influence. |
| The Farewell Address Content | - Promoted ties with England - Warned against ties with France - Supported the Hamiltonian System of National Economics - Warned against “Foreign spies” - Meant the Quasi-War and their “domestic agents” (Republicans) |
| The Quasi-War: | - US vs France - Quasi: Fake - France and Britain are doing Naval Impressment - Not a declared war |
| The Farewell Address: A Federalist Conspiracy | - GW and his wife secretly told Hamilton, James Madison, and John Adams that he would quit. - Discussed to figure out how to not get TJ as the 2nd president. |
| The Farewell Address: Results | - Election: Should have been Thomas Jefferson vs John Adams - The delayed farewell address, caused Thomas Jefferson to not even be considered a candidate. - Caused John Adams to become president. |
| John Adam's Presidency | - The only Federalist President - Attempted to preserve the Federalist Party in undemocratic ways (Like his election over TJ) - The Quasi-War was still going on - 1800: The capital is now Washington, D.C. (Named after GW since he died and Columbus) |
| Ways John Adams attempted to preserve the Federalist Party in Undemocratic Ways | The New President Powers - The Alien Act - The Sedition Act - All “loose interpretation law” |
| The Alien Act | The President has the new power to deport any foreigner that he deems dangerous without due process of law. (Stating your rights) |
| The Sedition Act | The President has the new power to arrest anyone who criticizes his administration during times of conflict. (Not Exactly War) - JA used the power to arrest Newspaper Writers |
| The New President Powers: Results | - Madison left the Federalist Party since the new 2 President's powers were too much for him. - Ordinance of Nullification |
| Ordinance of Nullification | - TJ and Madison devised the OfN to oppose these acts. - States that: If a state dislikes a new federal law, that state can nullify (Reduce to 0) that law within the state with a vote in State Congress. - Strict interpretation and 10th Amendment |
| Ordinance of Nullification: Other Names | The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves and States' Rights |
| Marbury v. Madison Case | - The Midnight Appointments led to the case - The president nominates all federal judges then Congress approves. - John Adams nominated 39 Judges (All Federalists) - William Marbury: D.C. Circuit Judge - James Madison (ATT) : Secretary of State |
| The Midnight Appointments | - William Marbury needed his papers signed by the president to be on the bench but JA wasn’t there so Marbury went to 2nd power: Madison - Madison refused to sign the paperwork - Marbury sued Madison |
| Marbury v. Madison Case | - John Marshall: Another Judge - Marshall ruled that Marbury lost his case. - Heard this case because the case offered the chance to increase the power of the Supreme Court by setting a new legal precedent. (Do something once, do it forever) |
| Supreme Court New Power | - Supposed to not get new powers - Used to be the Only Power: To interpret the law - Now has JR - Judicial Review: To review other branches to see if they’re following the Constitution - Marshall sacrificed Marbury to get the Judicial Review. |
| The POTUS Election of 1800 (The Revolution of 1800 by Europeans since never seen a peaceful transfer of power from one party to another) | - Federalist Party is pretty much dead - Another Presidential Election Conspiracy - TJ (Rep) vs John Adams (Fed) Reelection - TJ knew that JA was going to lose but when a candidate loses the presidential election, they become VP. TJ didn’t want that. |
| The 12th Amendment | - Gave us our modern POTUS voting ballots - Made political parties legal - Will list President and VP - Before the 12th Amendment: If you lost the presidential election, you became the vice president. |
| The POTUS Election of 1800: Results | - Should’ve been TJ and JA but Aaron Burr was added (Slowly going insane) - TJ advised the Republicans to tie TJ and Burr for presidency so that Burr will be VP. - Tie for president then the House (EC) would vote |
| The POTUS Election of 1800: Insane Burr | - Burr thought he would be president since he had “more friends” in the House - However, House voted for TJ to win and the next time he would be reelected, he didn’t pick Burr as VP. |
| Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency | - When Jefferson came to office as president, he followed many Republican ideas. - He abolished all national taxes and tariffs - But other times in his presidency, and even before, he favored ideas against his party values. |
| Examples of TJ Acting in “Un-Republican” Ways | As Secretary of State (Under President GW) - Northwest Ordinance As President of US - The Louisiana Purchase - The 3 Acts - War of 1812 |
| Northwest Ordinance | - Created 5 new territories - Slavery was forbidden - “Un-Republican” since he was going hindering the State’s rights and Republicans love State’s rights. |
| The Louisiana Purchase | - Buying land from foreign nations was a SoS power - But TJ did it since he used to be the SoS & was an advisor of France. - TJ violated law by sending Lewis & Clark before we owned Louisiana which was trespassing. (Republican love the French so bad) |
| The 3 Acts | - The Embargo Act - The Sedition Act - The Abolition Act |
| The Embargo Act | - Stopped all foreign trade with the US - “Un-Republican” since he stopped trade with France and a strong President move. - Also hypercritical since he said we should rebel in DOI for cutting off our trade with other parts of the world but act does it. |
| The Sedition Act | TJ | Sedition: Speech causing people to rebel against the government - Created by Federalists - Jefferson used the act to arrest several Federalist Party critics of his presidency. - “Un-Republican” since Strong President Move |
| The Abolition Act | - Outlawed the importation of slaves to the US (A way to end slavery) - “Un-Republican” since hindering States’ Rights |
| Thomas Jefferson to Get Rid of Slavery | - Wanted the DOI to abolish slavery with the 1st 2 drafts - The Abolition Act - The Northwest Ordinance |
| 4 “Forgotten Wars” in US History | - War of 1812 - Spanish-American War - Mexican-American War - Korean War |
| War of 1812: Causes | - Continued BNI - British support of Indian Raids in the Great Lakes region (Desired the Great Lakes) - U.S. desire to control Canada to stop the British from supporting |
| War of 1812: Results | - Military Stalemate: Both sides sued for peace - Treaty of Ghent 2 US military heroes emerged who would later be presidents - Gen. William Henry Harrison from the Battle of Tippecanoe - Maj. Andrew Jackson from Battle of New Orleans |
| Treaty of Ghent | - Agreed to end BNI of US merchant ships - Agreed to allow US ships access to all European trade ships - US resumed trade with England (Federalist thing) - A return to the “Status Quo Antebellum” in trade relations (Neutral) |
| Industrial Revolution For Every Country | - All in the North - Based on water power - Mainly made textiles (Fabrics) - Boosted slavery significantly |
| Before The Industrial Revolution in America | - South was everything until the Industrial Revolution came. - Hamilton envisioned factories in the entire nation but the US could only build a small section since Mother Nature (Hoped it’d bring North and South together, but worsened) |
| The Industrial Revolution in America | - Factories only in the Fall Line/Waterfall Line of northern New England. - Had to be near fast-flowing rivers for factories. (Only existed in the Northern Appalachian Mountains) - North and South Separation is worse. (North is favored) |
| The Industrial Revolution in America: Favoritism | - They all paid the tax but tariff benefits are spent up the North. - South got mad since the North controlled the money and political party so they left and stated reasons why. - Preserve Slavery - Tariffs are unfair and biased. |
| The Industrial Revolution in America: Results | - The North and South will start to grow apart at a faster rate after 1800 - North became industrially diversified (In Manufacturing goods)- - South became industrially specialized (In Cotton) |
| The Era of Good Feelings | - Started during Madison's 2nd term as President - Since we had only 1 National Party, it was a new era. - Now National Reps. (Hypercritical since they supported states, not the FG) - Sectionalism, Slavery, and lack of political parties ended the Era |
| Republicans convinced US needed a Stronger Federal Government because? | War 1812 and the Industrial Revolution - The Industrial Revolution: Regulate and manage the new industrial economy - War of 1812: Not to get invaded again |
| Republicans changed their views and became more Federalist from? | The Economy and War expanding |
| Republicans Adopting Federalist Ideas in The Era of Good Feelings | - The National Bank (1st Bank) - The Protective Tariff Issue - The Missouri Compromise of 1821 - The Monroe Doctrine |
| The National Bank (1st Bank) | - Can’t be dismantled until 20yr charter is up - President Madison killed the bank in 1815 but approved the 2nd Bank in 1816 (Same bank, same charter) Republicans hated it because… - Unconstitutional and corrupt - Favored state banks instead |
| The Protective Tariff | A fee on imports - England MGs: Less than US (Made by factories) - US MGs: More than England (Made by hand) - Hamilton put a fee to make England MGs more expensive than US MGs |
| The Protective Tariff Reason | Wanted Americans to buy US goods |
| The Protective Tariff Results In? | - Raises the cost of living - Makes money for US factory owners - Protects American Manufacturing since poor people will buy US MGs - Favors industry - Affects the common man (More expensive) |
| The Protective Tariff Issue | President Madison kept tariffs low until Era of Good Feelings then raised tariffs. Why: - Kept tariffs high to promote the buying of American manufactured goods - Weird since Republicans hated high taxes |
| The Missouri Compromise of 1821: Cause | - Senate had a balance (11:11) - 11 Slave and Free States - Missouri wanted to be a slave state but that would trip the balance - North didn't want that |
| Why did the North want to keep the balance in the Senate? | - Didn't want South to control both chambers - House was based on population so South won. South always dominates the House. - Wanted to preserve Senate since more important. (3 times as long and much more influence) |
| The Missouri Compromise of 1821: Goals | - To preserve the balance of Free and Slave states, each state gets 2 seats. - 3 Statements from the Missouri Compromise - Republicans going against their beliefs since States' rights |
| 3 Statements from the Missouri Compromise | - Missouri is admitted as a SS and Maine was a FS and created out of Northern Massachusetts - All future states will be admitted in pairs (1 FS & 1 SS) - All states above the 36*30 Line will be free soil & below the line will be slave states. |
| 36*30 Line | - Favored the North since the rest of the US was above the line - However, was fair since the land was unorganized territory so no water, bad soil, and had angry Indians (Sioux Nation) |
| The Missouri Compromise of 1821: Results | - South voted for it and North reluctantly did. - Missouri was a huge win for South since it was above the line. - Great compromise for South |
| What caused the Civil War? | The West |
| As the US expands westward in the future… | - The cotton industry supports slavery, and cannot grow out west - The area above the 36*30 Line greatly outweighs the area below the line. - The Missouri Compromise only applied to the Louisiana Purchase lands. |
| Before The Monroe Doctrine | - Official US foreign policy had been neutrality - Wanted to remain neutral in all foreign wars - Wanted to make a lot of money - Wanted to trade with all foreign powers equally - All changed in the Era of Good Feelings |
| During the Era of Good Feelings | Industrial Revolution and a period of colonial revolts in Latin America were happening. |
| The Monroe Doctrine | - A new US foreign policy - Written by SoS John Q. Adams for President Monroe - Promoted market stability in the WH - Keep European revolutions down in Latin American - Made 4 Main Statements |
| US Foreign Policy | How the US deals with foreign nations, conducted through the US State Department. - SoS runs the State Department. - Way stronger than the president |
| 4 Main Statements (1 - 3 contradict 4. US claimed neutrality but wasn’t) | - Don't start any new colonies in the WH - Don't try to reclaim any former colonies in the WH - All future colonial disputes in the WH will be settled by the US - Will not interfere in the destinies of the nations of the WH |
| The Monroe Doctrine: US Arrogance | - Claimed WH its domain (Republicans were becoming more Federalist) - Geographic Isolationism |
| Geographic Isolationism | Ideology that the Western Hemisphere is America’s domain. - The greatest asset to keep the Western Hemisphere from colonizers (Mainly in Europe) |
| The Monroe Doctrine: US Being Ironic | - Our power is commercial trade. - The Monroe Doctrine was enforced through trade sanctions (Boycotts, Embargos, and Tariffs) (Policies), not through the military. - So it was ironic to see US be arrogant |
| Before Andrew Jackson’s Presidency | - During the Era of Good Feeling, Reps. lost the “Common Man” vote since they were becoming more Federalist and supporting the rich. - 90% of the country was poor so 90% was unsupported |
| Andrew Jackson’s Popularity | - Said he would bring the party of Jefferson (Common Men) back and become the new Jefferson. - South (Pro-Slavery) and West (Free Soil) Appalachians voted for him. |
| Andrew Jackson | - 1st President born poor and raised on the frontier - Born in South Carolina (South) - Raised in Tennessee (West) - Indian Hater and Killer - Anti-British - Rags to Riches (US best example of US Social Mobility) - Started the Democratic Party |
| Andrew Jackson's Military Experience | - Famous Gun Duelist - 1st Military Governor of Florida Territory Fought in 3 Wars - American Revolution - War of 1812 - Battle of New Orleans - 1st Seminole War |
| Andrew Jackson’s Presidency | - Corrupt Bargain of 1824 - The Nullification Crisis (Tariff of Abominations) - The Indian Removal Act - The Second Bank of the US - Abolition - 2 New Presidential Powers |
| Corrupt Bargain of 1824: Cause | - AJ (Got P), John Q Adams, Henry Clay (All National Reps.) - Plurality: Got more than everyone else but not a majority - President Requirement: Simple Majority - Solution if tie: The House Representative picks (Henry Clay is The House Representative) |
| Corrupt Bargain of 1824: Results | - Henry Clay makes deal to John Q Adams - Said he’ll get out and tell the House to vote for him for president - Wants to be SoS - No laws against this deal but corrupt to keep a certain person out of office. |
| Corrupt Bargain of 1824: AJ Result | - Claimed Washington D.C. was corrupt and a victim of that corruption because of Corrupt Bargain of 1824 - He left the Republican and started the Democratic Party |
| 3 Presidential Elections | - POTUS Election of 1796 (JA Election) - Corrupt Bargain of 1824 - The POTUS Election of 1800 (TJ Election) |
| The Nullification Crisis (Tariff of Abominations) | - South and West (Anti Tariff) (Poor and doesn’t benefit you) - Raises the cost of living and only benefits factories in the North |
| 5 Civilized/ Nomadic Indian Reservations | - Choctaw - Chickasaw - Creek - Seminole - Cherokee |
| The Indian Removal Act | IRA (1830) removed all Indians a second time Why: Indians are in places that couldn’t grow tobacco but as soon as South changes to cotton, they moved them again since they are in cotton land. |
| The Indian Removal Act Flaws | Had 2 major flaws - Didn’t specify when Indians should be removed and by who (Federal or State Tropes) - This caused the Cherokee Nation V. Georgia Case |
| Cherokee Nation V. Georgia Case: Cause | - Gold was found in the Cherokee Reservation - Georgia now had 2 reasons to remove Cherokee: Cotton and Gold - Cherokee hired a lawyer and sued since they didn't want to be removed by Georgia troops and wanted Federal troops instead. |
| Cherokee Nation V. Georgia Case: Reasons | - Georgia claimed it was a state right since Indian removal wasn’t in the constitution. - Cherokee wanted Federal Troops since they would be slower. |
| Cherokee Nation V. Georgia Case: Results | - Chief Justice John Marshall (Fed) sided against Georgia - 1st Federal Indian Case and Cherokee won - AJ was pissed since he hated and even killed Indians - He developed a new power: Disregard a USSC Ruling (Pro States Rights) |
| Cherokee Nation V. Georgia Case: Trail of Tears | - President has control of military forces - President only allowed to enforce the law that Supreme Court said but he disregard it. - Caused the Trail of Tears |
| The Second Bank of the US | - AJ ended the second bank - John C Calhoun VP of AJ - Invoked the old nullification idea as a way for Southern |
| President AJ further new powers specific to battles | - Force Bill - Pet Banks - Gag Rule |
| Force Bill | - 1st Presidential Battle - Anti States Rights - A threat to use military force to occupy SC until the tariff was accepted. (Anti-state’s rights) - AJ did it since he wanted to show he had power and get his VP back in line. |
| Pet Banks | - Developed a new power to issue state banks - Against the National Bank (Pro State Banks) - Supported State Bank of Maryland (He told the public to go here since he invested the bank) - Caused a law suit to see if the National bank was legal |
| McCulloch (Federal Government) v. Maryland (State of Maryland Bank Case | Chief Justice John Marshall (Fed) said McCulloch was legal (Only battle that AJ lost) |
| Abolition | - Raised by a Preacher and Newspaper Editor, William Garrison - Made the Liberator (Anti Abolition) based on Jesus - Wanted no slavery and black people are free - Caught AJ attention by him posting the very 1st Junk mail pamphlets (Political Reasons) |
| Junk Mail Pamphlets: Results | - Flooded US Post Office and Congress about public wanted AJ take on slavery - AJ was pro-slavey but didn’t take a stand. Why: Didn’t want to divide his supporters (South v. West) - So he made the Gag Rule |
| Gag Rule | - AJ said no one can commit on slavery as long as he’s president. (Illegal since Freedom of Speech) - Not Impeached since the House was controlled by Democrats and they loved AJ - All democratic presidents renewed this Gag Rule - Ended by Lincoln |
| 2 New Presidential Powers | - Spoils System - Kitchen Cabinet |
| Spoils System | - He appointed only his trusted allies from outside of D.C. since he believed that everyone in D.C. was corrupt. - Got a position based on connections rather than merit - He rotated them out of office before they became corrupt |
| Kitchen Cabinet | A group of informal advisors (Not politicians) who he could trust - Never met in public - Designed to fight corruption in D.C. |
| Social Contract Theory | - Fundamental Enlightenment ideas that created the Constitution - Rejected the idea of divine right to rule - Stated that government ruled over the people with constent |
| Thomas Hobbes | - Created the book Leviathan - Stated that monarchs ruled by the consent of the people |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | - Created the book Social Contract - Stated that monarchies keep men enslaved and the best society is based on the consent of the people governed. - Shaped by Hobbes, Rousseau, and Paine |
| Thomas Paine | - Created the pamphlet Common Sense - Criticized King George 3 in favor of the Natural Rights of Man: Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Property |
| The debate over whether Congress should be Unicameral or Bicameral caused 2 opposed views... | - The Virginia Plan - The New Jersey Plan |
| The Virginia Plan | - Designed by Madison - Supported by Large Southern States - Stated that the Congress would be based on population |
| The New Jersey Plan | - Designed by William Patterson - Supported by Smaller Northern States - Stated that the Congress would get everyone 1 vote |
| The debate over Congress resulted in? | Congress being bicameral and accepting both plans. House: Based on population Senate: Everyone gets 2 seats - Also Congress has the power to tax |
| Bill of Rights: 1st 10 Amendments | - Apply to citizens and noncitizens (Immigrants) - 9 out of 10 deals with the citizens - Amendment 10th: Rights not listed to the federal government are given to the states automatically |
| Was Slavery mentioned? | Never outright said slavery in any document until after the Civil War (Always said other persons) |
| The Constitution failed to give political equality to? | Women: Denied right to vote until 1919 Slaves: Remained slaves and no voting until 1865 Indians: Denied citizenship until 1924 |
| The Federalists | Came 1st A. Hamilton: 1st Secretary of Treasure John Jay: 1st Supreme Court Team Justice and 1st Ambassador for England James Madison: 4th President John Marshall: 2nd Supreme Court Chief Justice John Adams: 1st Vice President and 2nd President |
| The Federalists Papers | Made by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison |
| The Republicans | Came 2nd Thomas Jefferson: 1st Secretary of State (Handled Foreign Relations), 2nd Ambassador of France, and 3rd President Aaron Burr: 3rd Vice President Ben Franklin: 1st Ambassador of France James Madison: 4th President (Switch Parties/Switching) |
| States' Rights | Slavery/Free Soil Rejecting a tariff? Indirect National Taxes? Oppose the National Bank? Relocate Indians? Secession? |
| Secession | The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a political state |
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