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Anatomy Exam 2
Nervous, Blood, & Cardiovascular
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is the function of blood? | transports substances throughout the body |
Nervous System | controls & coordinates functions of the body |
Central Nervous System (CNS) Function | interprets sensory input & dictates motor output |
Where is the Central Nervous System (CNS) located? | Brain & Spinal Cord |
Central Nervous System (CNS) | control center |
Where is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) located? | nerves outside of CNS |
What are the two divisions in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | - sensory - motor |
Where is the sensory division? | PNS |
Sensory Division | carries info to CNS (sensory receptor) |
Where is the motor division? | PNS |
Motor Division | carries info away to CNS (effector/response) |
What two fibers are in the sensory? | - Somatic Sensory Fibers - Visceral (organs) Sensory Fibers |
Somatic Sensory Fibers | conveys signals from skin, muscles, & joints to CNS |
Visceral Sensory Fibers | conveys signals from organs to CNS (bladder, cramps) |
What are the two systems in the motor? | - Somatic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System |
What does the motor do in the PNS? | transmits signals from CNS to effector organs |
Somatic Nervous System | voluntary muscle control |
Autonomic Nervous System | involuntary muscle control |
What is a neuron? | Structural unit of nervous system |
What is a neuron's function? | highly specialized cell that conducts electrical impulses |
What are the features of a neuron? | - extreme longevity - can't divide - high metabolic rate |
What is the cell body? | main part of the cell, has the nucleus & most organelles |
What is an axon? | long, slender extensions that send info away from the cell body |
What is a dendrite? | small, slender extensions that receive incoming info |
Myelin Sheath? | a white, fatty-protein that surrounds most axons |
What is Myelin? | insulates axons to speed up AP transmissions |
What is a synapse? | space between 2 neurons where neurotransmitters travel |
Why would endurance athletes want more RBCs? | More oxygen --> muscles produce more ATP |
What is electrical communication? | the movement of ions across a cell membrane |
What do neurons generate and transmits? | Action Potential (AP) |
What is AP to the nervous system? | The primary mean of communication in the nervous system |
What causes action potential? | Na+ & K+ moving across the neuron cell membrane |
How is an electrical impulse generated in a neuron? | Na+ moves in, causing resting potential to rise and become positive, then K+ moves out, causing a neuron to return to its resting potential by removing Na+ & returning K+ |
What is synaptic transmission? | sending a signal from presynaptic (releasing) neuron to a postsynaptic (receiving) target |
What are the four steps to a synaptic transmission? | Ap will go to a neuron axon (presynaptic) which causes the release of neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the target membrane (postsynaptic) causing an action potential |
What effect will a neurotransmitter have on the post synaptic cell? | It depends on the type of neurotransmitter & receptor |
What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do? | Causes an AP (on switch) |
What does an inhibitory neurotransmitter do? | Prevents an AP (off switch) |
Acetylcholine (ACh) | excitatory, stimulates muscles to contract |
Serotonin | typically inhibitory, involved in mood, sleep, & appetite |
Dopamine | both (excitatory/inhibitory), plays a role in emotions, pleasure, feeling good |
Glutamate | Major excitatory signal in CNS |
GABA | Major inhibitory signal in CNS |
What are nerves? | Axons of many neurons wrapped together in a protective sheath |
Where can you find sensory receptors? | Throughout periphery (skin, muscles, organs) |
Mechanoreceptors | touch, pressure, vibration |
Thermoreceptors | temperature |
Photoreceptors | light/vision |
Chemoreceptors | smell/taste and blood chemistry |
Nociceptors | pain, extremity of other receptors |
Sympathetic Division | allows body to respond to emergencies, excitement, exercise, & embarrassment |
What response does the Sympathetic Division produce? | fight-or-flight response |
What does the Sympathetic Division do to the body? | - increases heart rate & respiration - raises blood pressure - dilates pupils - slows digestion & urine production |
Parasympathetic Division | maintains homeostasis & conserves energy |
What response does the Parasympathetic Division produce? | rest-and-digest response |
What does the Parasympathetic Division do to the body? | - lowers heart rate & respiration - increases digestion |
How do Sympathetic & Parasympathetic interact? | Their effects oppose one another |
Protective features of the brain & spinal cord | - bone - meninges - cerebrospinal fluid - blood-brain barrier |
How do bones protect the CNS? | skull & vertebrae |
How do meninges protect the CNS? | protective membranes (connective tissue) |
How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the CNS? | bathes the brain & spinal cord to absorb shock |
How does the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS? | prevents substances from passing between blood --> brain |
Cerebellum | balance, coordination, sequence movements |
Cerebrum | deals w/ higher brain functions like language, decision making, conscious thought |
Thalamus | receiving, processing, & transferring center from spinal cord to cerebrum |
Hypothalamus | regulation of homeostasis |
Medulla | controls vital automatic functions of internal organs (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure) |
Corpus Callosum | Connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
Reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus mediated by spinal cord, w/ little brain involvement |
Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals belong to the [BLANK] division of the nervous system | Sensory (afferent) |
The space between a presynaptic cell & postsynaptic cell is called? | synaptic cleft |
Does the nervous system uses electrical and chemical communication? | Yes |
Does the myelin insulate neurons & speed up action potentials? | Yes |
Do neurotransmitters always have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic cell? | False |
Are action potentials caused by neurotransmitters crossing the cell membrane | False, it's ions |
Do the dendrites of a neuron receive information from a neighboring cell? | Yes |
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the [BLANK] division | motor |
What is resting potential? | An unstimulated cell, waiting for AP, voltage is negative |
What happens during depolarization? | Na+ moves into the cell, beginning of AP, makes it positive |
What happens during repolarization? | K+ moves out of the cell (more negative) |
Relate the function of the nervous system to its structure | function = controls & coordinates the body structure = neurons, excitable cells that generate and send APs rapidly |
Name 2 places in the body that send sensory information to the brain | fingers/skin --> thalamus or parietal lobe |
Why do reflexes NOT involve the brain? | very rapid response, no time to travel to brain, instead initiated by spinal cord |
The sensory cortex is located in the [BLANK] | cerebrum |
What is involved in sleep/wake cycles? | Midbrain |
What receptors match with burning your tongue on hot coffee? | thermo & chemo |
What receptors match with entering a dark room & feeling for a light switch? | photo & mechano |
What receptors match w/ eating a spicy meal? | chemo & nociceptor |
What receptors match w/ tripping on a toy? | nociceptors & mechano |
A stroke in the right side of the motor cortex would impair an individual's ability to [BLANK] | voluntarily move the left side of their body |
Antigen | A protein on the surface of RBCs that determines blood type |
Erythropoietin | regulates RBCs/homeostasis |
When is Erythropoietin released? | when the kidneys detect low blood oxygen |
Where is Erythropoietin released? | In the kidneys |
Functions of blood | - transports substances throughout the body (nutrients, hormones, waste products, immune cells, O2 & CO2) - helps regulate body temp & pH |
What is blood composed of? | Connective tissue consisting of mostly plasma & formed elements |
What substances are dissolved in plasma? | water, ions, proteins, nutrients & waste, gases, & hormones |
Red Blood Cells | - transports oxygen & carbon dioxide - packed with hemoglobin |
Hemoglobin | protein that transports oxygen |
Special Feature of RBCs | - made from stem cells in red bone marrow - production controlled by erythropoietin |
What does Erythropoietin cause? | production of RBCs in bone marrow |
Why are RBCs short lived? | - dont have a nucleus, so once theyre worn out, theyre taken out of circulation |
Why do our cells need oxygen? | Oxygen is needed to make energy, specifically ATP |
Clotting proteins | Important to stop bleeding |
Lipoproteins | transports fats in the bloodstream (HDL = good, LDL = bad) |
Antibodies | defensive protein that tags foreign things in body for destruction |
Plaelets | initiate the clotting process when blood vessels are injured |
White Blood Cells | - regulate inflammatory reaction - protect from infection |
Neutrophils | first responders, engulf pathogens/dead cells |
Monocytes | engulf pathogens --> migrates into tissue --> macrophages |
Lymphocytes | immune response, makes antibodies/memory cells |
How does blood return to the heart through veins? | - contraction of skeletal muscles - venous valves prevent backward flow - pressure changes in chest cavity via breathing |
Why do we have valves in the heart? | to prevent backward flow of blood |
Anemia | too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin |
Leukemia | blood cancer defined by excessive production of WBCs |
How does the structure of blood help it fulfill its function? | Blood moves easily b/c its a liquid, so it can transport substances easily |
Arteries | carries blood away from heart & transports it under high pressure |
Artery Structure | thick-walled, 3 layers (connective, smooth, epithelial) |
Veins | returns blood to heart; thin walled, very stretchy, contains deoxygenated blood |
Capillaries | exchange of substances between blood and tissue (nutrients <--> wastes) |
Capillary Structure | smallest, most delicate vessels; one cell layer thick (epithelial) |
Arterioles | smallest arteries |
Precapillary Sphincters | controls blood flow, redirecting it to/from organs depending on need |
Precapillary Sphincter Structure | smooth muscle |
Capillary Exchange | pushing fluid out (o2 & co2), absorbing fluid back in (waste) |
Why are lymphatic vessels intertwined with capillary beds? | they take up any remaining fluid not reabsorbed by capillary |
What are the internal chambers separated by? | Valves that flow blood through the RA/LA, then into the RV/LV |
Pulmonary Circuit | lungs; low pressure |
Systemic Circuit | rest of body; high pressure |
What does the Pulmonary Circuit do? | receives deoxygenated blood, location of CO2 release & O2 pick up |
What does the Systemic Circuit do? | receives oxygenated blood & delivers O2 to cells |
Which side of the heart deals w/ oxygenated blood? | The left side |
Which side of the heart deals w/ deoxygenated blood? | The right side |
Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right? | The left side pumps blood throughout the entire body at high pressures, its bigger because it needs to work harder |
What is the purpose of coronary arteries? | Supply the myocardium (heart) with O2 & nutrients |
What happens when the coronary arteries are blocked? | causes a lack of blood flow leading to the death of myocardium (heart attack) |
Atrial Systole | contracts, then AV valves open, flowing blood into ventricles |
Ventricular Systole | ventricles contract, pushing blood into pulmonary & systemic circuits |
Diastole | relaxes atria & ventricles |
What are the parts of the cardiac conduction system? | SA node, AV node, AV bundle & Purkinje fibers |
What is the relationship between electrical stimulation & muscle contraction? | electrical stimulation occurs first & produces muscle contraction |
Baroreceptors | pressure receptors in aorta & carotid arteries |
What part of the brain receives/sends signals regarding changes in blood pressure? | Medulla |
How do the heart and vessels respond to brain signals in order to change BP? | high bp: lowers heart rate & opens up vessels low bp: increases heart rate & narrows vessels |
Hypertension | sustained elevation in blood pressure |
Aneurysm | defect in arterial wall |
Angina | sensation of pain/tightness in chest |
Atherosclerosis | thickening & hardening of vessel wall |
Stroke | interruption of blood supply to the brain |
Myocardial Infarct | sudden death of myocardium due to blocked coronary arteries |