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Gastro Master
Review of Digestion Master
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| black tarry stools, contains blood | melena |
| steatorrhea | fat in feces |
| aphthous stomatitis | canker sores |
| dental caries | tooth decay |
| failure of LES muscle to relax | achalasia |
| malignant tumor of stomach | gastric carcinoma |
| canker sores | aphthous stomatitis |
| fat in feces | steatorrhea |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD |
| abnormal tube-like passage near anus | anal fistula |
| polyps protrude thru membrane of colon | colonic polyposis |
| chronic inflammation of intestinal tract | Crohn disease |
| What is the term for bright red blood in the stool? | hematochezia |
| What is the term for black tarry stools? | melena |
| lack of appetite | anorexia |
| fluid in abdomen | ascites |
| difficulty passing feces | constipation |
| diarrhea | watery stools |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| expell gas thru mouth | eructation |
| expell gas thru anus | flatus |
| pass blood from rectum | hematochezia |
| yellow-orange skin color | jaundice |
| inflammation of the liver caused by a virus | viral hepatitis |
| inflammation of the poancreas | pancreatitis |
| chronic degenerative disease of the liver | cirrhosis |
| gallstones in the gallbladder | cholelithiasis |
| twisting of the intestine upon itself | volvulus |
| chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers | ulcerative colitis |
| group of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms associated with stress and tension | irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
| telescoping of the intestines | intussusception |
| failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines | ileus |
| swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region | hemorrhoids |
| painful, inflamed intestines | dysentery |
| abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall | diverticulosis |
| chronic inflammatino of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon) | crohn disease |
| polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon | colonic polyposis |
| abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus | anal fistula |
| open sore or lesion of the mucous membrannne of the stomach or duodenum | peptic ulcer |
| protusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it | hernia |
| solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach | gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) |
| malignnant tumor of the stomach | gastric carcinoma |
| swollen, caricose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach | esopohageal varices |
| failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax | achalasia |
| inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone; also called pkyorrhea (py / o means pus) | periodontal disease |
| white plaques or patches (-plakia means plaque) on the mucosa of the mouth | oral leukoplakia |
| inflammation of the mouth (gingiva, lips, palate, and tongue) by infection with the herpesvirus | herpetic stomatitis |
| inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers | aphthous stomatitis |
| fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling, fecal matter | steatorrhea |
| unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit | nausea |
| yellow-orange coloratino of the skin and other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) | jaundice |
| passage of bright, fresh, red blood from the rectum | hematochezia |
| gas expelled through the anus | flatus |
| gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth | eructation |
| difficulty in swallowing | dysphagia |
| frequent passage of loose, watery stools | diarrhea |
| difficulty in passing stools (feces) | constipation |
| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen | ascites |
| lack of appetite (-orexia = appetite) | anorexia |
| congenital condition suggested in newborns by copious salivation associated with choking, coughing, and cyanosis on attempt at feeding | tracheoesophageal fistula |
| persistant contraction of LES and absence of esphageal peristalsis/caused by loss of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus | Achalasia |
| columnar metaplasia of esophagela squamous epitheliam | Barrett esophagus |
| hypertrophy of circular muscle layer of pylorus/ obstruucts gastric outlet/ causes projectile vomiting | pyloric stenosis |
| manifests as dysphagia and weight loss | carcinoma of esophagus |
| focal damage to gastric mucosa with acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage | acute gastritis |
| 3 types: autoimmune, H. pylori, and menetrier | chronic gastritis |
| aggressive, usually adenocarcinoma, most common in after 50 age group and A blood groups | carcinoma of the stomach |
| Inflammation of the vermiform appendix | appendicitis |
| abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity | ascites |
| rumbling noise produced by the movement of gas through the intestines | borborygmus |
| chronic disease of the liver -destruction of cells | cirrhosis |
| polps projected fro the mocous membrane of the colon | colonic polposis |
| terminal portion of the ileum, abdominal pain, ulceration, and fibrous tissue buildup | crohn disease |
| bulging pouches pushing thru mucous membrane | diverticular disese |
| many intestinal disorders, characterized by inflammation | dysentery |
| abnormal passage from one organ to another | fistula |
| bloody stool | hematochezia |
| long gland that lies behind the stomach, which manufactures insulin and digestive enzymes. | pancreas |
| inflammation of the pancreas. | pancreatitis |
| cells in the stomach wall that make hydrochloric acid. | parietal cells |
| the removal of part of the large intestine. | partial colectomy |
| surgery to remove the kidney; only the part of the kidney that contains the tumor is removed. | partial nephrectomy |
| enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. | pepsin |
| related to the stomach and the duodenum, where pepsin is present | peptic |
| sore in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum; usually caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. An ulcer in the stomach is a gastric ulcer. An ulcer in the duodenum is a duodenal ulcer. | peptic ulcer |
| x-ray of the gallbladder and bile ducts; a dye is injected through the abdomen to make the organs show up on the x-ray. | percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography |
| ulcer that breaks through the wall of the stomach or duodenum and causes the stomach contents to leak into the abdominal cavity. | perforated ulcer |
| hole in the wall of an organ. | perforation |
| serious bacterial infections that destroy the gums and the surrounding tissues of the mouth. | periodontal disease (Also called gum diseases.) |
| a specialist in the field of dentistry responsible for the care and prevention of gum-related diseases, guided bone regeneration, and dental implants. | periodontist |
| wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract. | peristalsis |
| lining of the abdominal cavity | peritoneum |
| infection of the peritoneum. | peritonitis |
| space behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx. | pharynx |
| organs that help with digestion but are not part of the digestive tract. These organs include the tongue, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and glands in the mouth that make saliva. | accessory digestive organs |
| a rare disorder of the esophagus in which the muscle at the end of the esophagus does not relax enough for the passage to open properly. | achalasia |
| acute inflammation of the appendix due to infection | acute appendicitis |
| loss of the sense of taste. | ageusia |
| inherited condition that causes a lack of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. | alactasia |
| gastrointestinal (GI) tract. | alimentary canal |
| acute or chronic infection; symptoms vary from mild diarrhea to frequent, watery diarrhea and loss of water and fluids in the body. | amebiasis |
| small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. | anal fissure |
| channel that develops between the anus and the skin. Most fistulas are the result of an abscess (infection) that spreads to the skin. | anal fistula |
| operation to connect two body parts. An example is an operation in which a part of the colon is removed and the two remaining ends are rejoined | anastomosis |
| abnormal or enlarged blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. | angiodysplasia |
| an eating disorder characterized by low body weight (less than 85 percent of normal weight for height and age), a distorted body image, and an intense fear of gaining weight. | anorexia nervosa (Also called anorexia.) |
| procedure that examines the rectum, large intestine, and lower part of the small intestine. A fluid called barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an x-ray) is given into the rectum as a | barium enema (Also called lower GI, or gastrointestinal, series.) |
| upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. | barium swallow |
| noisy release of gas Test to find out if heartburn is caused by acid in the esophagus; involves dripping a mild acid, similar to stomach acid, through a tube placed in the esophagus. | Bernstein test |
| ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach, which can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. | bezoar |
| yellowish-brown or green fluid secreted by the liver that carries away waste and aids in the digestive process. | bile |
| acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. | bile acids |
| tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage, and to the small intestine for use in digestion. | bile ducts |
| condition present from birth in which the bile ducts inside or outside the liver do not have normal openings. Bile becomes trapped in the liver, causing jaundice and cirrhosis. Without surgery, the condition may cause death. | biliary atresia |
| narrowing of the biliary tract from scar tissue. The scar tissue may result from injury, disease, pancreatitis, infection, or gallstones. | biliary stricture |
| gallbladder and the bile ducts. | biliary tract (Also called biliary system or biliary tree.) |
| a yellowish-green substance formed when hemoglobin breaks down. Bilirubin gives bile its color. Bilirubin is normally passed in stool. Too much bilirubin causes jaundice. | bilirubin |
| nonprescription medication used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea; also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. | bismuth subsalicylate |
| a triangular-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen that holds urine. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empt | bladder |
| - a procedure in which the bladder is filled with a solution that is held for varying periods of time, from a few seconds to 15 minutes, before being drained through a catheter. | bladder instillation (Also called a bladder wash or bath.) |
| rumbling sounds, or stomach "growling," caused by gas moving through the intestines. | borborygmi |
| another word for the small and large intestines. | bowel |
| body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. | bowel movement |
| process used to clean the colon with enemas and a special drink; used before surgery of the colon, colonoscopy, or barium x-ray. | bowel prep |
| the condition of incessant grinding and clenching of the teeth, unintentionally, and at inappropriate times. | bruxism |
| stones or solid lumps such as gallstones | calculi |
| Original name for the bacterium that causes ulcers; new name is Helicobacter pylori. | Campylobacter pylori |
| a skin infection caused by yeast that can occur in the skin folds, navel, vagina, penis, mouth, and nail beds. | candidiasis (Also called yeast infection.) |
| tube that goes through the skin into the beginning of the large intestine to remove gas or feces; it is a short-term way to protect part of the colon while it heals after surgery | cecostomy |
| beginning of the large intestine; it is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. | cecum |
| too much hydrochloric acid in the stomach | chlorhydria |
| series of x-rays of the bile ducts. | cholangiography |
| irritated or infected bile ducts | cholangitis |
| surgery to remove the gallbladder | cholecystectomy |
| x-ray that shows the flow of contrast fluid through the intestines into the gallbladder. | cholecystography |
| hormone released in the small intestine; causes muscles in the gallbladder and the colon to tighten and relax. | cholecystokinin |
| a condition characterized by gallstones present in the bile ducts. | choledocholithiasis |
| a condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder. | cholelithiasis |
| any interruption in the flow of bile. | cholestasis |
| thick liquid made of partially digested food and stomach juices; made in the stomach and moves into the small intestine for further digestion. | chyme |
| a long-term disease of the liver in which the liver becomes covered with fiber-like tissue and has difficulty removing toxins and poisonous substances from the body. Alcohol, medications, and other substances may build up in the bloodstream and cause prob | cirrhosis |
| Bacteria naturally present in the large intestine that make a substance that can cause a serious infection called pseudomembranous colitis in people taking antibiotics. | Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) |
| passage of bowel contents through the rectum and anus. | defecation |
| an x-ray of the anorectal area that evaluates completeness of stool elimination, identifies anorectal abnormalities, and evaluates rectal muscle contractions and relaxation. | defecography |
| nerve or muscle damage in the stomach that causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. | delayed gastric emptying (Also called gastroparesis.) |
| the middle part of the colon located on the left side of the abdomen. | descending colon |
| frequent, loose, and watery bowel movements | diarrhea |
| process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair. | digestion |
| the group of organs that breaks down foods into chemical components that the body can absorb and use for energy, and for building and repairing cells and tissues. | digestive system |
| a procedure in which the physician inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to examine the rectum and the prostate gland for signs of cancer. | digital rectal examination (DRE) |
| bloating or swelling; usually referring to the abdomen. | distention |
| condition that occurs when small pouches (diverticula) push outward through weak spots in the colon. | diverticulosis |
| small pouch in the colon. These pouches are not painful or harmful unless they become infected or irritated. | diverticulum |
| condition that occurs when food moves too fast from the stomach into the small intestine. | dumping syndrome (Also called rapid gastric emptying.) |
| ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). | duodenal ulcer |
| irritation of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). | duodenitis |
| the first section of the small intestine. | duodenum |
| infectious disease of the colon; symptoms include bloody, mucus-filled diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and loss of fluids from the body. | dysentery |
| distortion or absence of the sense of taste. | dysgeusia |
| indigestion. | dyspepsia |
| difficulty in swallowing | dysphagia |
| abnormal muscle tone of one or more muscles. | dystonia |
| constipation and intestinal obstruction (blockage) lead to an involuntary leakage of loose stool, or encopresis. | encopresis |
| procedure that uses an endoscope, a long, flexible, lighted tube, to diagnose or treat a condition. | endoscopy |
| liquid put into the rectum to clear out the bowel or to administer medications or food. | enema |
| irritation of the small intestine. | enteritis |
| examination of the small intestine with an endoscope. | enteroscopy |
| ostomy, or opening, into the intestine through the abdominal wall. | enterostomy |
| blood test used to detect Helicobacter pylori bacteria; also used to diagnose an ulcer. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
| infection and swelling of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. | eosinophilic gastroenteritis |
| a red patch of mucous membrane inside the mouth; one cause of oral cancer. | erythroplakia |
| a diagnostic test that helps to determine the strength of the muscles in the esophagus. It is useful in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux and swallowing abnormalities. A small tube is guided into the nostril, then passed into the throat, and finally into | esophageal manometry |
| stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. | esophageal varices |
| the muscular canal that connects the mouth to the stomach. | esophagus |
| irritation of the esophagus, usually caused by acid that flows up from the stomach. | esophagitis |
| solid wastes that pass through the rectum as bowel movements. Stools are undigested foods, bacteria, mucus, and dead cells. | feces (Also called stool.) |
| a test to check for hidden (occult) blood in the stool. It involves placing a very small amount of stool on a special card, which is then tested in the physician's office or sent to a laboratory; screening test for cancer of the colon or rectum. | fecal occult blood test |
| gas passed through the rectum. | flatus |
| excessive gas in the stomach or intestine; may also cause bloating. | flatulence |
| natural chemical that strengthens enamel, the hard outer coating on teeth, helps prevent tooth decay, and helps repair early damage to teeth. | fluoride |
| organ that stores the bile made in the liver and sends bile into the small intestine to help digest fat. | gallbladder |
| solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. | gallstones |
| A condition in which many polyps form throughout the digestive tract | Gardner's syndrome |
| complete or partial removal of the stomach. | gastrectomy |
| related to the stomach. | gastric |
| liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria | gastric juices |
| operation to remove part or all of the stomach. | gastric resection |
| open sore in the stomach lining. | gastric ulcer (Also called stomach ulcer.) |
| hormone released after eating, which causes the stomach to produce more acid. | gastrin |
| inflammation of the stomach lining. | gastritis |
| increase of muscle movement in the gastrointestinal tract when food enters an empty stomach, which may cause the urge to have a bowel movement right after eating. | gastrocolic reflex |
| infection or irritation of the stomach and intestines, which may be caused by bacteria or parasites from spoiled food or unclean water, or eating food that irritates the stomach lining and emotional upsets such as anger, fear, or stress. | gastroenteritis |
| physician who specializes in digestive diseases | gastroenterologist |
| field of medicine concerned with the function and disorders of the digestive system. | gastroenterology |
| a digestive disorder that is caused by gastric acid flowing from the stomach into the esophagus. | gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
| nerve or muscle damage in the stomach that causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. | gastroparesis (Also called delayed gastric emptying.) |
| examining the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine with a long viewing tube. | gastroscopy |
| an artificial opening from the stomach to a hole (stoma) in the abdomen where a feeding tube is inserted. | gastrostomy |
| a gastrostomy tube (feeding tube) is inserted into the stomach if the patient is unable to take food by mouth. | gastrostomy tubes |
| a type of glomerular kidney disease in which the kidneys' filters become inflamed and scarred, and slowly lose their ability to remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood to make urine. | glomerulonephritis |
| the term used to describe scarring that occurs within the kidneys in the small balls of tiny blood vessels called the glomeruli. The glomeruli assist the kidneys in filtering urine from the blood. | glomerulosclerosis |
| painful, burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus. | heartburn |
| Spiral-shaped bacterium found in the stomach. H. pylori damages stomach and duodenal tissue, causing ulcers; previously called Campylobacter pylori. | Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) |
| the surgical removal of hemorrhoids | hemorrhoidectomy |
| swollen blood vessels in and around the anus that cause itching, pain, and sometimes bleeding. | hemorrhoids |
| related to the liver. | hepatic |
| enlarged liver. | hepatomegaly |
| a protrusion of part of an organ through the muscle that surrounds it. | hernia |
| small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest and causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. | hiatal hernia |
| Birth defect in which some nerve cells are lacking in the large intestine. | Hirschsprung's disease |
| acid made in the stomach that works with pepsin and other enzymes to break down proteins. | hydrochloric acid |
| ileum | lower end of the small intestine. |
| poor digestion; symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. | indigestion (Also called dyspepsia.) |
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