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H. Chem. - Ch. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass, volume, and inertia |
| What is mass? | A measure of how much matter is present |
| What is volume? | A measure of how much space (3D) the matter occupies |
| What is inertia? | A resistance to changes in motion |
| What are the 5 states of matter? | Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) |
| What is a solid? | It has definite shape, definite volume, stationary particles, densely packed, (s) |
| What is a liquid? | It has indefinite shape, definite volume, particles are fluid/flow, (l) |
| What is a gas? | It has indefinite shape, indefinite volume (fills a container), low density, rapid/random/constant motion, (g) |
| What is a plasma? | It has indefinite shape, indefinite volume, fast moving, sea of charged particles in gas like medium, magnetic and electric fields |
| What is a property? | Characteristics that allow us to distinguish or identify matter. They could be expressed QUANTITATIVELY or QUALITATIVELY. |
| What is a quantitative property? | A description that includes numerical data and a unit. (It can be physical or chemical) |
| What is a qualitative property? | A description of qualities of the substance using the 5 senses. |
| What is a physical property? | A property that can be observed without chemically altering the substance |
| What is a chemical property? | A property that describes the substance's ability to undergo a change. Cannot be observed without altering the substance. |
| What are some examples of a physical property? | Mass, volume, density, hardness, colour, crystalline shape, odor, taste, luster, ductility, malleability |
| What are some examples of a chemical property? | Reacts with..., flammability/combustibility, inert, corrosive, oxidizer/oxidizing agent, neutralizer, decomposer, buffered - resists changes in pH |
| What is an intensive property? | Not dependent upon the amount of matter present. Can be used to identify a substance. |
| What are some examples of intensive property? | Density melting point, boiling point, colour, malleability, crystal shape, odor |
| What is an extensive property? | Changes with the amount of matter present. |
| What are some examples of extensive property? | Size, mass, volume |
| What are the properties of acids? | Taste sour, conduct electricity, have a pH between 0 and 7 (physical) Produce H+ or H3O+ (hydronium ion) in a solution, can be strong or weak (chemical) |
| What are the properties of bases? | Taste bitter, conduct electricity, have a pH between 7 and 14 (physical) Produce hydroxide ions in a solution, can neutralize an acid, can be strong or weak (chemical) |
| What is a physical change? | A change that does not alter the substance's chemical identity. Usually, these are easily reversed. |
| What is a chemical change? | A change in which a new substance, with a new chemical formula and new chemical properties, is formed |
| What are some examples of physical changes? | Changes in shape and state changes or phase changes (reversible) |
| What are some examples of chemical changes? | Burning/combustion, rusting, decomposition, fermentation, corrosion, digestion, photosynthesis |
| What is a chemical reaction? | Written as Reactant --> Products. They must obey the Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter. |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Matter? | Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed. |
| What 4 observations indicate that a chemical reaction occurred? | Gas formation - bubbles or odor, Formation of a precipitate - an insoluble solid that falls out of a mixture of solutions, Colour change, Energy change - Endothermic , Exothermic |
| What does endothermic mean? | Energy is being absorbed (feels cold) |
| What does exothermic mean? | Energy is being released (feels hot) |
| What is a pure substance? | Matter that has the same composition and properties throughout (Elements and Compounds) |
| What is an element? | Simplest substances made of only one type of atom. |
| What is a monatomic element? | single atom - sometimes held together in a crystal lattice |
| What is a diatomic element? | 2 atoms bound together in a molecule |
| What are the 7 diatomic elements? | Hydrogen (H), Iodine (I), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F) |
| What is a triatomic element? | 3 atoms bound together in a molecule Ex - O3 (ozone) |
| What is an allotrope? | Different structural formations of the same element |
| What are carbons' allotropes? | Diamond, graphite, graphine, nanotube, C60 |
| What is a compound? | Pure substances composed of two or more different elements bonded together. (Ionic compounds and Covalent compounds) Composition is based the Law of Definite Proportions. |
| What is an ionic compound? | They include metal and non-metal ions held together by electrostatic attraction. |
| What is a covalent compound? | They include all non-metals held together by sharing electrons in overlapping electron clouds. |
| How can compounds be separated? | They can only be separated by chemical means. A decomposition reaction must occur. |
| What is the Law of Definite Proportions? | Compounds made of elements are always in a specific ration that is always the same |
| What is a subscript? | They tell how many atoms of that element exist in one unit of that compound |
| When is a subscript used? | No subscript is used when only one atom of an element is present. |
| What is a mixture? | When two or more pure substances are mixed together but do not chemically combine to make a new substance. Each pure substance retains its own properties |
| What type of methods can mixtures be separated by? | They can be separated by physical methods like filtration, distillation, evaporation, chromatography, extraction, magnetism, etc. |
| What is a homogeneous mixture? | A mixture where you can't see the different elements or compounds that make it up (solutions and colloid) |
| What is a heterogeneous mixture? | A mixture where you can see the different elements or compounds that make it up. They can settle out. (suspensions) |
| What are the three types of mixtures? | Solutions, Colloids, Suspensions |
| What is a solution? | A homogeneous, particles dissolved within cannot be seen |
| What is a solute? | The substance that dissolved. |
| What is a solvent? | The substance that is doing the dissolving. |
| What is a colloid mixture? | A mixture where medium sized particles of one substance are evenly distributed throughout another substance, held in place, will not settle out. |
| What is a suspension mixture? | A mixture between a liquid and large particles of a solid. Particles are dispersed throughout the liquid, will settle out over time due to large particle size. |
| What are some physical methods of separating mixtures? | Extraction, Chromatography, Distillation, Centrifuge, Filtration, Evaporation, Magnetism. |
| What are physical methods of separating mixtures used for? | Used to separated heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. Does not alter the materials involved. Only depends on physical changes and differences in physical properties. |
| What is extraction? | Separation based on solubility and differences in densities. Often used in organic chemistry. Equipment used: separately funnel. |
| What is chromatography? | Separates components of a mixture by comparing with attraction for a mobile phase (usually alcohol or a hydrocarbon) vs a stationary phase (usually paper or a thin layer chromatography plate) |
| What is distillation? | Separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. |
| What is centrifuge? | Separation done by high speed spinning. Will separate the components based on different densities. The most dense substances layer at the bottom and as density decreases in the upper layers. |
| What is magnetism? | Separation of solids based on magnetic properties. (Fe (s) is magnetic. Al (s) is not.) |
| What is chemical decomposition? | Used to break binary compounds down into their component elements. Chemically alters the compound. A chemical reaction must occur, known as decomposition. Elements are formed from the break down of a compound. |
| What is hydrolysis? | The breakdown of water using electric current (electrolysis) |
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