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Aerosol Drug Therapy
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define aerosol: | is a suspension of solid or liquid particles in gas. they occur in nature as pollen, spores, dust, smoke, smog, fog and mist. |
| Whats the primary function of the upper air way? | to filter our larger particles to protect the lungs from invasion by these aerosols. |
| In the clinical setting, medical aerosols are generated with what? | nebulizers, atomizers and inhalers. |
| Converts liquid to droplets. | atomizers. |
| Produce finer aerosol particles from liquid-based formulations over greater periods of time using compressed gas or electricity. | nebulizers. |
| Generate aerosolized medication from liquids or dry powders for a single inhalation. | inhalers. |
| Is the most mass of fluid or drying produced by an aerosol generator per actuation or unit of time . | output. |
| Aerosol particles size depends on what? | the SUBSTANCE for nebulizations, the METHOD used to generate the aerosol, and the ENVIRONMENTAL conditions surrounding the particles. |
| Referring to an aerosol consisting of particles of varying diameters? | heterodisperse. |
| Describe the measure of central tendency, particle size, diameter in micrometers. | MMAD & VMD |
| MMAD stands for? | mass median aerodynamic diameter. |
| VMD stands for? | volume median diameter. |
| Key mechanisms of aerosol deposition include? | interial impaction, sedimentation, and brownian diffusion. |
| Occurs when suspended particles in motion collide with & are deposited on a surface; this is the primary deposition mechanism for particles larger than 5 um. | interial impaction |
| Occurs when aerosol particles settle out of suspension & are deposited owing to gravity. | sedimentation |
| Is the primary mechanism for deposition of small particles (<3um), mainly in the resp region, where bulk gas flow ceases & most aerosol particles reach the alveoli by diffusion. | brownian diffusion |
| Process by which an aerosol suspension changes over time. | aging |
| The primary hazard of aerosol drug therapy is? | an adverse reaction to the rx being administered. other hazards include infection, airway reactivity, systematic effects of bland aerosols, eye irritation & drug concentration. |
| Cold air and high density aerosols can cause reactive bronchospasm and increased airway resistance, especially in patients with pre existing resp disease. | airway resistance |
| What increases solute concentration? | drug nebulization, the evaporation, heating, baffling, and recurring of rx solutions undergoing jet or ultrasonic nebulization. |
| Is the most commonly prescribed method of aerosol delivery in US. Its used to administer bronchodilators, anticholinergics, and steroids, | pMDI |
| Pulmonary deposition ranges from __ to ___ in adults and larger children. | 10% ; 20% |
| A simple valveless extension device that adds distance between the pMDI outlet and the patients mouth. | spacer |
| What does the aerosol particle size depend on? | It depends on the substance being nebulized, the method used to generate the aerosol, and the environmental conditions surrounding the particle. |
| How are medical aerosols generated in the clinical setting? | They are generated with devices that physically disperse matter into small particles and suspend them in gas. |
| How does a large-volume ultrasonic nebulizer work? | It incorporates air blowers to carry mist to the patient for the delivery of bland aerosol therapy or sputum induction |
| How do ultrasonic nebulizers work? | They use a piezoelectric crystal to convert electrical energy into high-frequency vibrations to produce aerosols. The aerosol output is directly affected by the amplitude setting. |
| How do you prime an MDI? | To prime an MDI, you should shake the device and release one or more sprays into the room air if the device is new or hasn’t been used in a while |
| How often do you assess a patient on continuous nebulization? | Assess them every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours, then hourly after that for adverse drug responses |
| What are three examples of aerosol devices? | Atomizers, nebulizers, and inhalers |
| What factor is most crucial in developing an effective program of aerosol drug self-administration in an adult patient requiring maintenance bronchodilator therapy? | Good patient education |
| What are the beneficial characteristics of using an MDI? | They are portable, compact, and easy to use. |
| What are heterodispersed aerosols? | Aerosols with particles of different sizes |
| What are the key mechanisms of aerosol deposition? | Inertial impaction, gravimetric sedimentation, and Brownian diffusion |
| What are small-volume ultrasonic nebulizers used for? | They are used for the delivery of aerosolized medications (i.e., bronchodilators, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents). |
| What are the hazards of aerosol drug therapy? | Infection, airway reactivity, pulmonary and systemic effects of bland aerosols, drug concentration changes during nebulization, and eye irritation |
| What is therapeutic aerosol deposition influenced by? | Inspiratory flow rate, flow pattern, respiratory rate, inhaled volume, I:E ratio, and breath-holding |
| What contributes to the aging of aerosols? | The composition of the aerosol, initial size of the particles, time in suspension, and ambient condition |
| What does gravimetric analysis measure? | Aerosol weight |
| What is a dry powder inhaler (DPI)? | It is a breath-actuated dosing system by which a patient creates an aerosol by drawing air through a dose of finely milled drug powder. The dispersion of powder into respirable particles depends on the creation of turbulent flow in the inhaler. |
| What is aerosol output? | The mass (amount) of fluid or drug contained in an aerosol |
| What is aerosol aging? | The process by which aerosol suspension changes over time |
| What is a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)? | A pressurized canister containing a prescribed drug in a volatile propellant combined with surfactant and a dispersing agent |
| What is an aerosol? | A suspension of solid or liquid particles in air or gas |
| What is an ultrasonic nebulizer capable of? | They produce higher aerosol outputs and densities than conventional jet nebulizers. |
| What is Brownian diffusion? | The primary deposition mechanism for very small particles that can travel deep within the lungs |
| What is gravimetric sedimentation? | When aerosol particles settle out of suspension and are deposited due to the pull of gravity |
| What is inertial impaction? | When aerosols in motion collide with and are deposited onto a surface |
| What is the fundamental principle of aerosol deposition? | Only a fraction of the emitted aerosol will be inhaled, and only a fraction of what is inhaled will make it to the lungs |
| What is the most commonly prescribed method of aerosol therapy? | MDI |
| What is the primary hazard of aerosol drug therapy? | An adverse reaction to the medication |
| What is the difference between a spacer and a holding chamber? | A spacer is valve-less and just adds distance from the point of discharge to the mouth. A holding chamber has valves for holding the medication |
| Why would you use continuous nebulization? | or the treatment of refractory bronchospasm |
| What are the different types of aerosols? | Pollen, spores, dust, smoke, fog, and mist |
| What is the baffle? | A surface on which large particles impact and fall out of suspension, whereas smaller particles remain in suspension, reducing the size of particles remaining in the aerosol |
| Before the initial use and after storage, what should happen to every MDI device? | Each MDI should be primed by shaking and actuating the device to the atmosphere one to four times. Without the priming, the initial dose actuated from a new pMDI canister contains less active substances. |
| What is a breath-actuated nebulizer? | An aerosol device that is responsive to the patient’s inspiratory effort and reduces or eliminates aerosol generation during exhalation |
| The CDC recommends that nebulizers should be what? | They should be cleaned, disinfected, rinsed with sterile water, and air-dried between uses. |
| Cold air and high-density aerosols can cause what? | Reactive bronchospasm and increased airway resistance |
| What is sedimentation? | It occurs when aerosol particles settle out of suspension and are deposited due to gravity. |
| What is the most commonly used device for medical aerosol therapy? | Small-volume nebulizer (SVN) |
| A small-volume ultrasonic nebulizer can be used to administer what? | Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, and antibiotics |
| What is a spacer? | A simple valve-less extension device that adds distance between the MDI outlet and the patient’s mouth; |
| What are spacers and valved holding chambers designed to do? | They are designed to reduce both oropharyngeal deposition and the need for hand-breath coordination. |
| What are the three categories of nebulizers? | jet nebulizers, (2) Ultrasonic nebulizers, and (3) Vibrating mesh nebulizers |
| What is volume mean diameter (VMD)? | The median diameter of an aerosol particle measured in units of volume |
| What patients cannot use a DPI? | Children under the age of 5 and patients unable to generate a sufficient inspiratory flow. |
| What devices generate therapeutic aerosols? | Atomizers and nebulizers |
| What is the primary mechanism for the deposition of large particles in the respiratory tract? | Inertial impaction |
| What device would you select to deliver an aerosolized bronchodilator to a young child? | MDI with a holding chamber and mask |
| What device depends on the patient’s inspiratory effort to dispense a dose? | DPI |
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asiap23
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