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Human Geography AP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why did the first geographers study places? | Practical reasons: find trade routes to distant places |
| Who was Eratosthenes and what did he accomplish? | Eratosthenes was an early cartographer and head librarian at Alexandra. He found the earth's circumference by measuring the sun's angles at the summer solstice and the distance between Alexandria and Syene. |
| Who coined the term geography? | Eratosthenes [247 BC] |
| Who published the Guide to Geography, which had rough maps of landmasses and a global grid system? | Ptolemy published Guide to Geography [200 AD] |
| When did Western Europeans start geography: landforms, climates, indigenous cultures, plant & animals... | 1400 AD |
| What country did Bartholomeu Dias sail for and when? | Dias = Portugal = 1488 = half of Africa |
| When did James Cook sail? | 1771 for England |
| Who was the first to describe human's impact on the enviroment? | George Perkins Marsh |
| What example did George Perkins Marsh use to support his idea that willfull destruction of the environment can have bad results? | Perkins Marsh used the Fertile Crescent as an example in "Man and Nature" |
| In what modern day country is the Fertile Crescent? | Iraq |
| Why did the Fertile Crescent change into a desert? | Climate changes and overuse |
| George Perkins Marsh was a conservationist, and the first modern environmentalist. | (blank) |
| Who advocated cultural landscapes? | Carl Sauer - thought that even natural landscapes were indirectly affected by humans |
| What are cultural landscapes and what field do they tie in with? | Cultural landscapes are the result of human-environment interactions -- ties in with environmental geography/cultural ecology |
| What did the quantitative revolution stress? | empirical measurements, hypothesis, math models, computer programs |
| What is the good and bad part of quantitative revolution? | Good = brings geography into mainstream science Bad = limits geography questions and ignores culture |
| What is remote sensing? | capturing pictures of the earth's surface from flying things like planes and satellites. Uses multispectral bands. |
| All remotely sensed images are snapshots that record spatial data at a specific time. | (blank) |
| What is GPS? Global Positioning System | Satellite network that orbits the earth, beaming out location info to hand-held receivers on the earth |
| What's Geographical Information Systems? GIS | software programs that map, analyze, and model spatial data. uses thematic layers |
| Thematic layers | part of GIS system - each layer is an individual map that has specific features, like roads or elevation, and they're layered together |
| Systemic Geography is a branch of... | Physical Geography |
| What three traits do all maps have? | 1) Based on a projection 2) Have a scale and resolution 3) Have symbols to depict spatial information |
| What are the 4 types of distortion that map projectors can have? | SSDD [map distortion] shape, size, distance, direction |
| What does and doesn't the Mercator projection distort? | Distorts size of continents; preserves direction [upper and lower landmasses look really big] |
| What are the traits of the Fuller projection? | Distorts direction [the compass has no meaning] - preserves SS size and shape |
| What does the Robinson projection try to do? | Tries to balance out the projection errors; none of the 4 things are perfect, but they're minimized [Robinson Crusoe = popular] |
| How are Azimuthal projections made? | Put a flat PLANAR piece of paper on the top of the globe and copy the projection from the lighted globe; either the North or South pole is in the center of Azimuthal map. . Normally only one hemisphere, or a portion of it, is represented on Azimuthal |
| What does the Azimuthal distort and preserve? | Preserves DD distance and direction |
| What is level of aggregation? | Map feature that refers to the size of the unit; eg, in a population map of US, you're not going to show the county population in Illinois |
| What is map scale? | ratio between map distance and actual-earth-distance |
| Small-Scale Map? | have small ratio like 1:100,000 so show Large areas |
| What is resolution? | Resolution is a map's smallest discernable unit; smallest thing you can see on a map |
| What are the 2 main categories of maps? | Reference maps and Thematic maps |
| What are dot maps and give an example? | Dot maps show the locations of specific events. Examples include, crimes, car accidents, births. So if two people died on santa st, then there's two dots on santa street. |
| What are visualizations and what can they do? | Visualizations are computer programs that make dynamic, 3D, interactive maps |
| What are 2 benefits of visualizations? | 1) show how landscapes change over time 2) investigate stuff that you can't see with naked eye |
| What is a site? [opposite of situation/relative location] | A site refers to the physical and cultural features of a place, and doesn't mention the place's relationship with its surroundings areas. For example, San Francisco is located at about 37N latitude, peninsulanearPacific, diverse ethnic neighorhoods, fog |
| Situation Location or Relative locations refers to a place's ____ | relationship with its surrounding area. Eg. San Fran is the economic hub of NoCal and center of largemetroareawith6milppl to its east is berkely and oakland |
| Why is topological space/connectivity important? | Relates to RELATIVE DISTANCE; absolute distance doesn't accurately reflect connectivity btween 2 places; relative distance in TIME AND MONEY |
| Describe time-space convergence. | Relates to relativedistance idea. Since communications+transportation=good, certain places seem closer then they actually are; absolute distance seems like its shinking. Only applies to developed world though. |
| complementarity | degree to which one place can supply another place's demands - Florida oranges to NE = high complementarity |
| Transferability | costs involved in moving goods from one place to another; when costs are high, transferability is lower [harder to transfer stuff] |
| What's Tobler's First Law of Geography? | Everything is related to everything else, but close things are more related than far-away things => friction of distance => distance usu. slows down interactions between places |
| What does the friction of distance cause? | Friction of distance causes the Distance Decay Effect |
| What does the Law of Retail Gravitation imply? | Retail => Business; People go to bigger cities for distance because they have a big sphere of influence on surrounding area |
| Spatial diffusion | Spatial diffusion describes the way stuff [disease, culture trends, etc.] travel over space |
| What are the two types of spatial diffusion? | Expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion |
| What are the 2 types of expansion diffusion? | Contagious diffusion and Hierarchal diffusion |
| Hierarchal diffusion | stuff is transferred because the interaction amount between places overcomes the actual distance barrier; eg. fashion trends spread quickly from paris to nyc even though they're far apart because they have lots of interaction |
Created by:
linnad