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Dynamic Earth 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is Galileo regarded as the first modern scientist? | He conducted experiments that would prove or disprove his idea based on quantifiable evidence. |
| When does oceanic continental subduction occur? | When an oceanic plate dives below a continental plate. |
| What was the formation of Earth's layered structure? | Metals sank to the center; molten rock rose to produce a primitive crust. |
| What was the earliest primitive crust lost to? | Erosion and geologic processes |
| What was Cuvier the first to suggest? | Species could go extinct. |
| What layers are defined by chemical composition? | Crust, mantle, and core |
| What layers are based on physical properties? | Lithosphere, asthenosphere, outer core, and inner core |
| What is transpression? | Compression builds up where the opposing plates are restricted from sliding passed each other. As the forces continue to build up, they create mountains in the restraining bend around the fault. |
| What is the theory of plate tectonics? | The lithosphere is divided into plates that move across the earth's surface. |
| What is the principle of uniformitarianism? | The natural processes operate the same now as they did in the past. |
| What is the lithosphere? | The outermost shell of our planet. Includes the crust and the upper mantle. Made from both the continents and the oceans on the Earth's surface. |
| What is the largest of Earth's four spheres? | Geosphere |
| What is the hydrosphere? | All of the Earth's water |
| What is the geosphere? | Makes up the solid earth. |
| What is the geologic time? | The period of time covering the physical formation and development of Earth (4.5 billion years) |
| What is the biosphere? | All life on Earth |
| What is the atmosphere? | Gaseous envelope surrounding Earth. |
| What is the asthenosphere? | The layer below the lithosphere. Rock is less rigid but rigid enough to transmit transverse seismic waves. |
| What is testing? | Development of observations, experiments, revision, and models to test the hypothesis. |
| What is subduction? | When places of different densities coverage, the higher density plate is pushed beneath the more buoyant plate. |
| What is special about the Yellowstone hotspot? | They're located under a thick continental plate, which makes it more difficult for magma to penetrate. |
| What is scientific info? | Public awareness and environmental regulations |
| What is scientific design? | Structure of design more suitable for certain environmental settings |
| What is science? | Accumulated knowledge |
| What is piercing point? | When a geological feature is cut by a fault. |
| What is physical geology? | Science that purses an understanding of planet earth |
| What is knowledge? | Basis for decision making. |
| What is inductive reasoning? | Starting from new observations that attempt to discern underlying generalized principles. |
| What is historical geology? | seeks to understand the origin of Earth. |
| What is geology? | Science that purses an understanding of planet earth |
| What is empiricism? | Emphasizing the value of evidence gained from experimentation and observation. |
| What is Earth's surface made of? | Continents and oceans |
| What is deductive reasoning? | Applying known principles of thought to establish new ideas or predict new outcomes. |
| What is continental rifting? | The separate pieces continue to drift apart and become individual continents. |
| What is continental collision? | When oceanic crust connected by a passive margin completely subducts beneath a continent. |
| What is collision? | When continental plate coverage without subduction occurs. |
| What is an observation? | A collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement? |
| What is a theory? | A hypothesis that has been tested to proven true. |
| What is a system? | A group of interactive objects and processes. |
| What is a hypothesis? | An attempt often to explain the data observed.. |
| What is a foreland basin? | The combined mass of the mountains forms a depression in the lithospheric plate. |
| What is a divergent place boundary? | Formation of an ocean basin by rifting and sea floor spreading |
| What established the basic divisions of Earth's interior? | Chemical differentiation |
| What does the Wilson cycle do? | Outlines the ongoing origin and break up of supercontinents. |
| What does the scientific review process aim to weed out? | Misinformation, invalid research results, and wild speculation. |
| What does the scientific method involve? | A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested. |
| What does the oceanic ridge system cover? | Igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted. |
| What does the deep-ocean basins cover? | Abyssal plains, oceanic trenches, and seamounts |
| What does it mean when we say that all spheres are at a state of dynamic equilibrium? | One thing affects another thing. |
| What do the ocean basins cover? | Continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and ocean ridge system |
| What do scientists seek to understand? | The fundamental principles that explain natural patterns and processes. |
| What do humans change? | Holocene epoch, industrialization and global environmental changes |
| What do continental margins cover? | Continental shelf, continental slope, and the continental rise |
| What did Wegner develop? | Tectonic plates |
| What did Steno suggest? | Sedimentary rocks formed in layers with the oldest ones on the bottom and younger ones on the top. |
| What did Hutton theorize? | Ancient rocks were formed by processes like those procuring features in oceans and streams. |
| What did Darwin use to develop his initial ideas about evolution? | Uniformitarianism |
| What are trans tension zones? | Require a fault that includes a releasing bend, where the plates are being pulled apart by extensional forces. |
| What are transform plate boundaries? | Two plates sliding past each other. |
| What are the two types of divergent boundaries? | Contiental rift zones and mid-ocean ridge. |
| What are the two types of crust? | Oceanic and continental |
| What are the two types of core? | Outer core and inner core. |
| What are the two must abundant gases in the Earth? | Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) |
| What are the principles of geology essential to? | Locating managing and extracting natural resources, evaluating the environmental impact of using these resources, and understanding and mitigating the effects of natural hazards. |
| What makes continental crust different from oceanic crust? | 40% of Earth's surface, light colored granite rock |
| What makes oceanic crust different from continental crust? | Covers the ocean's basin, dark colored basalt rock. |
| What are the characteristics of outer core? | Molten |
| What are the characteristics of the oceanic crust? | Thinner, less uniform thickness, more basaltic |
| What are the characteristics of the mantel? | Most of Earth's volume and mass, denser than rock and crust |
| What are the characteristics of the inner core? | Solid |
| What are the characteristics of the crust? | The outermost and thinnest part of the Earth |
| What are the characteristics of collision zones? | Tall, non-volcanic mountains, large earthquakes |
| What are the characteristics of a piercing point? | Very useful for recreating past fault movement, horizontal motion keeps a geological feature intact. |
| What are the basic divisions of Earth's interior? | Core, mantle, crust |
| What are the 5 basic systems of the Earth? | Geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. |
| What are the 3 areas of benefit to humanity where geologic knowledge is needed? | Obtain natural resources, assess and avoid natural hazards, prevent or correct environmental damage. |
| What are the 5 basic systems of the Earth? | Geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. |
| What are subduction zones? | Passive margins that gravity converts into active margins. |
| What are sedimentary rocks formed from? | Deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. |
| What are mid-ocean ridges? | Originates in a continental as a rift zone. |
| What are metamorphic rocks formed from? | Extreme heat and pressure. |
| What are igneous rocks formed from? | The cooling of magma or lava |
| What are hotspots? | An area grown in the lithosphere plate where molten magma breaks through and creates a volcanic center, islands in the oceans, and mountains on land. |
| What are divergent plate boundaries? | Two tectonic plates move away from each other. |
| What are convergent plate boundaries? | When two plates come together |
| What are continents made of? | Mountain belts and the stable interior |
| What are continental rift zones? | Weak spots in the continental lithosphere. |
| What are characteristics of transform boundary? | Found on the ocean floor around mid-ocean ridges, form aseismic facture zones, filled with earthquake-free transform faults. |
| What are characteristics of the continental crust? | Thicker, variable thickness, more granitic |
| What are characteristics of mid ocean ridges? | Only places on Earth that create new oceanic lithosphere, produce more volcanoes than all other types of volcanism. |
| What are characteristics of hotspots? | Only type of volcanism not associated with subduction or rifting zones at plate boundaries, magma is generated from material from the core that reached the mantle. |
| What are changes of environment? | Expansiveness of geologic time, broad spectrum of geologic processes, great variations in rates of geologic processes |
| Science is a what kind of process? | Social |
| In what way does geology expand our awareness of the Earth? | Helps us see how beautiful and complex earth is and how much our survival depends upon understanding how earth works. |
| How much of the hydrosphere is made up of ocean? | 97% |
| How did a primitive atmosphere evolve? | Volcanic gasses |
| How are hotspots initiated? | Started in divergent boundaries during supercontinent rifting, subducting slabs, and large space objects crashing into Earth. |
| Earth's internal layers can be defined by | Chemical composition and physical properties |
| Characteristics of mountain belts | Most prominent feature of continents |
| Characteristics of the stable interior | Shields and stable platforms |
Created by:
KenzieMWallace105
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