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PHSC 102 - Unit 1
Motion, Force, Energy, and Heat
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| speed | measure of how fast something moves |
| vector | quality with magnitude (size) and direction |
| velocity | a vector quality giving the speed and direction of motion |
| acceleration | any change in velocity; constant forward, constant reverse, curved motion (changes direction) |
| force | a push or pull |
| newton's FIRST law of motion | if there is no net force, there is no acceleration (an object at rest remains at rest, but an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity) |
| inertia | matter maintains constant velocity |
| newton's SECOND law of motion | when there is a net force, the object accelerates in the direction of the force (acceleration = net force/mass) |
| newton's THIRD law of motion | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| energy | the ability to do work (move matter) |
| power | the rate at which energy is consumed |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion; mechanical/electrical/radiant/thermal |
| potential energy | the energy of position; it always involves some force; depends on the height and mass of object; gravitational; chemical; elastic; nuclear |
| work | the process of force acting over a distance; work done against gravity |
| heat | the transfer of thermal energy due to temperature difference; the flow of thermal energy from something hot->cold |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy can be neither created nor destroyed (law of conservation of energy) |
| linear momentum | the tendency of an object to keep moving with the same velocity |
| the law of conservation of momentum | in the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of a set of objects remains the same no matter how the objects interact with each other |
| angular momentum | the tendency of a spinning object to keep spinning with the same speed and axis of rotation |
| temperature | a measure of how hot an object is; measured with a thermometer; amount of thermal expansion of alcohol/mercury tells us the temperature |
| internal energy | the thermal and chemical energy of a substance |
| heat capacity | the amount of energy a substance absorbs when its temperature rises |
| specific heat | the amount of energy one gram of a substance absorbs when its termperature rises |
| conduction | through material substances (thermal conductivity; metals> glass, plastic, wood > air > vacuum) |
| convection | warm air rises and carries heat with it; air is a good insulator only if there's fiber/foam to stop convection) |
| radiation | infrared light (absorbed by dark substances, reflected by white/shiny metallic surfaces) |
| the second law of thermodynamics | in any natural process, there will be an overall increase in disorder or entropy |
Created by:
ewilkinson
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