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unit 2 chapter 4 & 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| metabolic process | all chemical reactions that occur in the body |
| anabolism | building large molecules from smaller ones, uses ATP |
| catabolism | large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, ATP is released |
| dehydration synthesis | an anabolic process that creates carbs, triglycerides, and proteins by linking monomers by removing water |
| hydrolysis synthesis | an catabolic process that breaks down carbs, lipids, and proteins by adding water |
| enzyme | proteins that serve as catalyst speeding up chemical reactions |
| metabolic pathway | series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading up to the formation of new products; controlled by negative feedback |
| ATP | energy; composed of adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate |
| aerobic | requires O2- produce most ATP |
| anaerobic | without O2- produce little ATP |
| aerobic reaction | citric acid cycle begins, electron transport system functions, carbon dioxide and water are formed |
| anaerobic reactions | electron transport system cannot be accept new electrons from NADH, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, glycolysis is inhibited |
| catabolic pathways | produce energy to be released (breakdown) |
| anabolic pathways | release energy to be stored (buildup) |
| genetic information | instructs cells how to construct proteins; stored in DNA |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for one protein |
| genome | complete set of genes all genetic information |
| genetic code | method used to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino acids |
| histones | compact DNA and regulate gene expression |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that controls DNA replication |
| codons | the DNA sequence is converted to amino acids that you read in triplets |
| messenger RNA | transcription copies DNA |
| Transfer RNA | translates mRNA into an amino acid , carries amino acids to mRNA, carries anticodon to mRNA |
| ribosomal RNA | provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes |
| mutation | change in genetic information; caused by extra bases being added , deleted, or changed |
| epithelial tissue | covers and protects all body surfaces |
| connective tissue | binds structures, protects against infections, and serves as framework |
| muscle tissue | contracts producing body movement |
| nervous tissue | sends electrical impulses regulating body functions |
| tight junctions | function: close the space between cells location: cells that form linings structure: specialized connection between two adjacent cells |
| desmosomes | function: form "spot welds" between cells location: outer skin cells structure; 2 adjacent cells attached by protein plaques and linked by filaments |
| gap function | function: tubular channels between cells that link cytoplasm of 2 cells |
| epithelial tissue | function: protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion |
| squamous | flat |
| cuboidal | cube shaped |
| columnar | tall rectangular |
| simple | one layer |
| stratified | 2 or more layers |
| pseudostratified | falsely layered, appears to be several layers but only one |
| simple squamous | one layer of flat cells, located in air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels |
| simple cuboidal | one layer of cube shaped cells, located in kidney, ovaries, some glands |
| simple columnar | one layer of tall rectangular cells located in uterus, stomach, and intestine |
| pseudostratified columnar | one layer of cells located in respiratory system |
| stratified cuboidal | multiple layers of cube shaped cells located in mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas |
| stratified squamous | multiple layers of flat shaped cells located on skin, oral cavity, vagina, anal canal |
| transitional | stretchy cells, have the ability to expand and contract, located in bladder, ureters, urethra, stomach, and uterus |
| stratified columnar | multiple layers of tall rectangular cells, located in urethra and pharynx |
| endocrine glands | ductless glands that release directly into the bloodstream |
| exocrine glands | release through a duct or gland |
| fibroblast | fixed cell, most common cell, large star-shaped, produce fibers |
| macrophages | wandering cell, phagocytic, important in injury or infection |
| mast cell | fixed cell, release heparin, release histamine |
| collagen fibers | thick, composed of collagen, great tensile strength, abundant in dense CT, hold structures together, tendons, ligaments |
| reticular fibers | very thin collagenous fibers, highly branched, from supportive networks |
| elastin fibers | bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin, fibers branch, elastic, vocal cords, air passages |
| connective tissue proper | loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue |
| specialized connective tissue | supportive (bone and cartilage) fluid (blood and lymph) |
| cardiac muscle | striated involuntary, found only in the heart, cells are connected by intercalated disks, contraction |
| skeletal muscle | striated voluntary, protein fibers inside the cells are arranged in specific manner causing the striated look, made up long multinucleated cells, contractions cause bones to move |
| smooth muscle | non striated involuntary, found in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs and the walls of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts, single nucleus, contractile proteins are not arranged along the axis of the cell, no striations |
| neurons | the functional cells (large) |
| neuroglia | the support cells (small) |
| cutaneous membranes | covers body |
| synovial membranes | line joints |
| serous membranes | line closed body cavities |
| mucous membrane | line organs leading outside the body |
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