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PL Quiz 1

QuestionAnswer
Reasons for so many programming languages Evolution. Languages designed for a specific domain. Different ideas on what should be used.
What makes a language successful Ease of use, expressive power, ease of implementation, excellent compilers, and a powerful sponsor.
Domain specific language A language designed for a specific domain. Can be performed by domain expert, not necessarily a seasoned programmer.
Domain specific language examples CSS, Excel formulas, LaTeX, SQL
General Purpose language A language that is applicable across application domains
General Purpose language examples C, C++, Java, Python. (COBOL and Fortran started as business and science languages).
Language evaluation criteria writability, readability, reliability, cost
Writability Simplicity and orthogonality: small set of primitive constructs, consistent rules, legal and meaningful combinations. Expressivity: convenient ways to specify operations, and predefined functions
Readability Simplicity: minimal feature multiplicity and minimal operator overloading. Data types and structures: adequate predefined data types and structures. Syntax: self-descriptive constructs, meaningful keywords
Reliability type checking, exception handling, readability and writability, and aliasing (nothing to same memory location).
Cost Cost to write, reliability costs, maintainment costs.
Other evaluation criteria Portability: how easy is it to move one implementation to another (JVM). Generality: applicability to a wide range of applications. Well-definedness: completes and precision of language's official definition.
First influence on language design von Neuman architecture. Memory separate from CPU, data and programs stored in memory. Instructions/data piped from memory to CPU. Basis for imperative languages.
Second influence on language design New programming paradigms. Machine efficiency, to structured programming, to data abstraction, to inheritance and polymorphism.
Language categories Imperative, functional, logic, markup/programming hybrid
Imperative Languages Variables, assignment statements, iteration. Object oriented programming languages as well.
Imperative Language examples C, C++, C sharp, Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Rust.
Functional languages Making computations by applying functions to given parameters. Purest form means no memory, time, or state, just mathematical functions.
Functional language examples LISP, Haskell, OCaml, Erlang, Racket, Scheme, Clojure
Logic languages Program statements that describe facts and rules. Computer constructs proof based on axioms.
Logic language example prolog
markup/programming hybrid languages Extends or supports some programming
markup/programming hybrid language examples HTML and JSTL, XML and XSLT
Implementation methods Compilation, pure interpretation, hybrid systems
Compilation programs translated into machine language
Compilation phases 1. Lexical analysis, turn character into lexical units. 2. syntax analysis, lexical units into parse tree. 3. semantics analysis, type checking and intermediate code generation. 4. code generation.
Pure interpretation programs are interpreted/executed in a stepwise fashion by an interpreter
Pure interpretation advantages Execution is immediate. Easier implementation of debugging.
Pure interpretation disadvantages Errors not found until executed. Slower execution. Usually requires more space.
Hybrid A language that is translated into an intermediate language and then into machine code. Faster than pure interpretation.
Hybrid example Java virtual machine. Uses byte code to provide portability.
Just-in-time implementation systems The intermediate language of methods is translated to machine code when they become hot. Machine code is kept for subsequent calls
Just-in-time implementation system examples Java, MATLAB, Python, .NET languages
Fortran development environment Small memories and unreliable. Scientific applications. No programming methods or tools. Machine efficiency was primary concern.
Fortran important facts Implemented for IBM machine. Anything more than 400 lines usually didn't work. Code was fast. Quickly became widely used.
Fortran starting features Loops, three way if statements
Fortran evaluation Highly optimizing compilers, types and storage fixed before runtime. Dramatically changed how computer are used.
Created by: mariuss
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