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Chapter 2 Terms (A)
Population
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agricultural Density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture) |
| Antinatalist Policy | Government policy that supports lower birth rates |
| Arable Land | Land suited for agriculture |
| Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area |
| Carrying Capacity | The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources |
| Census | A complete enumeration of a population |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Demographic Transition | The process of change in a society's populaiton from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate fo natural increase, and higher total population |
| Demography | The scientific study of population characteristics |
| Dependency Ratio | The number of people under the age of 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force |
| Doubling Time | The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
| Ecumene | The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| Epidemic | A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time |
| Epidemiologic Transition | The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
| Epidemiology | The branch of medical science concerned with the incedence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
| Infant Mortality Rate | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society |
| Life Expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at bith is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. |
| Maternal Mortality Rate | The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) |
| Medical Revolution | Medical technology invented in Europe and N. America that has diffused to the poorer countries in L. America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in LDCs. |
| Natural Increase Rate (NIR) | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate |
| Overpopulation | A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment ot support life at a decent standard of living |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
| Population Pyramid | A bar graph that represents the distrribution of population by age and sex |
| Potential Support Ratio (Elderly Support Ratio) | The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older |
| Pronatalist Policy | Government policy that supports higher birth rates |
| Sex Ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years |
| Zero Population Growth | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero |
| 1st Agricultural Revolution | the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible. |
| The Green Revolution | A period of increased agricultural productivity that occurred in the mid-20th century, primarily in developing countries. It was characterized by the adoption of modern agricultural technologies such as high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. |
| Fecunditiy | A quality that represents the likelihood that a woman will have children. |
| Double-Income No-Kid (DINK) | A household that has two sources of stable income (usually a married couple) that do not have dependents such as children. |
| Population Dynamics | The study of the fluctuations of a population's size over time, as observed through rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration. |
| Predictive Capability | A quality of models such as the Demographic Transition Model that allows geographers to analyze current data to predict what is to come in the future |
| Population Projection | An extimate for population growth given current data |
| Deindustrialization | The shift of MDCs to the tertiary sector and away from manufacturing as LDCs begin to take on most of global industry |
| Service-Based Economics | Economic activity that is found in the tertiary sector. Primarily occurs in MDCs. |
| Newly Industrialized Countries | Countries that have recently gained the economic and technological means to participate in large-scale manufacturing. |
| S-curve | A general shape that is used to describe the change in population using the DTM. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| Feaudal Political Economy | An economy entirely owned and run by the government |
| Diffusion of Fertility Control | The distribution of access to contraceptives |
| Primate City | A city that serves as by far the biggest city in the country that it inhabits. It's population is exponentially greater than the population of the next largest city in that country. |
| Gastarbeiter | Guest workers in Germany that come from Turkey, North Africa, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union |
| J-curve | A shape that was used in Malthusian theory to describe the exponentially growth of a population. This shape was later replaced by another that included a stable population that levels off at the end. |
| Age cohort | A bar on a population pyramid that contains a single age group include both males and females |
| Age-sex cohort | A colored bar on a population pyramid that contains a single age group of a certain sex |
Created by:
matthew_greer
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