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Societal groups

Humanities 1301

TermDefinition
Humans are Social
First understanding of what it means to be human comes from Our family
Culture Practices, values, beliefs, passed down through generations
Types of societal groups Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, States
Anthropological and genetic evidence All humans came from Africa
Why migrate? Better opportunities
Guns, germs, and steel Argues geography influences societal development
The Dawn of everything Argues that complex social arrangements are found in every society
Paleolithic bands Nomadic hunter gatherers, divided stuff according to needs, temporary tyrants to lead the groups in times of need, conflicts usually resolved socially
Religion How humans make sense of the world, often animistic (nature have spiritual power), preform rituals to bond and have agency
Abstract thinking Ability to imagine and picture things that haven’t happened
Artifacts Anything made by people
Agricultural revolution Moved to neolithic age, semi permanent to permanent structures, domestication of plants & animals
Neolithic tribes · agriculture · family groups (clans) · small-scale farming/domestication - subsistence agriculture everyone that could work, did - Pastoral (tied to land and homes) · Big man/woman Cyclical view of time
Reciprocity Economy where everyone looks out for each other for their mutual benefit, no idea of private property
Surpluses and movement to chiefdoms Surplus: more than enough food produced Leftovers are stored Populations expand Chiefdom: few freed from agricultural labor to rule Real hierarchies begin Expanding population calls for formal leadership
Chiefdoms Developed in Fertile Crescent Thousands of population Centralized gov (most times hereditary) Concept if private property More stuff = more wealth Chief receives tribute and redistributes
Bureaucracy System for organizing the function of of a society Divide up labor No one person can be in charge of all aspects of a society Chief relies on those below him to manage day to day affairs
Luxury good Shows status Comfortable/appealing Often came through trading
Civilization City-states/cities Over 50,000 people Most don’t do agricultural labor Specialized trades to make a living Sell goods in marketplace Permanent houses More food = more people
Civilization cont. Complex bureaucracy Tributes replaced by taxes Conflict resolved by laws Large scale trading Public works Literary elites Conquest Class systems
Collapse Demonstrable change in a society Society breaks up, decreases in pop, or reverses in development The society that continues adapts to changes
Causes of collapse Overpopulation = leads to famine Deforestation = bad for ecosystem Overuse of resources = scarcity Introduction of invasive species/diseases Cultural inflexibility -> denial Environmental change Wars
Created by: 1763
Popular Anthropology sets

 

 



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