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Chapter 1 Terms
Thinking Geographically
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Place | Unique location of a feature (can be physical or abstract) |
| Location | The position that something occupies on the Earth; a specific point on the Earth |
| Regions | Areas of unique characteristics |
| Cartography | The science of map making |
| A reference map | Maps that show physical features and are often used for travel |
| Geographic Information Science (GIS) | A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data |
| Photogrammetry | taking measurements of the Earth's surface using photos |
| Remote sensing/Aerial photography | aquiring data about the Earth's surface using satellites. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | satellites triangulate your exact location |
| Geotagging | digitally storing exact information based on latitude and longitude |
| Vonlunteered Geographic Information (VGI) | creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals |
| Map Scale | The relationship between the lengthof an object on a mapand that feature on the landscape. Can be Ratio/Fraction, Written, or Graphic |
| Projection | scientific method of transferringlocations on the Earth's surface to a flat map. |
| Thematic Maps | Maps that tell a story about a place. AKA communication maps |
| Isoline Map | connects with lines all the places that have a particular value |
| Dot Distribution Map | Depicts data points and shows clustered or dispersed distribution |
| Choroplath Map | shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement |
| Graduated Symbol Map | Displays a symbol that change in size according to the variable |
| Cartogram Map | size of a country/state changes in relation to a variable |
| Space | The physical distance between two objects |
| Connection | Relationships among people and objects across space |
| Global Scale | Geographers identify broad patterns encompassing the entire world |
| Local Scale | Geographers recognize that each place on Earth is in some ways unique |
| Regional Scale | The scale in between global and local scale. Dealing with an area characterized by a unique combination of features. |
| Large Scale | Covering a small area but showing a large amount of detail |
| Small Scale | Covering a large area but showing a small amount of detail |
| Mercator Projection | A type of map projection that equally spaces meridians and parallels are equally spaced which leads to distortion of size as a region moves farther away from the equation |
| Winkel Projection | A map projection that has curved meridians and parallels in order to perserve as much of the original shape and size of landmasses. |
| The Grid | A system of imaginary lines known as parallels and meridians that divide the Earth. Precise locations can be found by using coordinate of longitude and latitude. |
| Toponym | A name given to a place on Earth that can reflect the people, environment, history, ethnicity, religion etc. |
| Site | The physcial charecter of a place including, climate,v egetation, topography, soil, elevation etc. |
| Situation | Location of a place relative to other places. It helps find unfamiliar places and helps to understand the importance of a place. |
| Sense of Place | state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. |
| Cultural Landscapes | A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features such as climate and vegetation. |
| Formal Region/Uniform Region | Everyone shares in common one or more distinctive charecteristics |
| Functional/Nodal Regions | Focused around a node or focal point |
| Vernacular Region/Perceptual Region | A place that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that consitute the distinct tradition of a group |
| Spatial Association | A similar distribution of distinctive features in a region. |
| Language | system of signs, sounds, gestures, and marks that have meanings understood in a cultural group |
| Religion | Principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in a formal way. |
| Ethnicity | encompasses a group's language, religion, cultural values, and physical traits. |
| Metropolitian Statistical Area | Core area containing a substantial population nucleus, together with adjacent communities having a high degree of economic and social integration with that core. |
| Mental Map | Internal representation of a portion of the Earth's surface |
| North South Line/BRANDT Line | A line that divides the Earth so that every country North is classified as developed and every country South is considered developing |
| More Developed Countries | country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development |
| Less developed Countries | country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development |
| Globalization | Actions/processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| Transnational Corporation | Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its HQ and principal stockholders are located |
| Distribution | arrangement of features in a space |
| Density | Frequency in which something occurs |
| Concentration | the extent of a feature's spread in space |
| Pattern of distribution | Geometric arrangment of objects in space. Can be regular or irregular |
| Poststructuralist Geography | Geographic approach that examines how the powerful in a society dominate, or seek to control, less powerful groups, how the diminated groups occupy space, and confrontationsthat result from the domination. |
| Humanistic Geography | An approach to human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals form idedas about place and give those symbolic meanings. |
| Behavioral Geography | An approach to human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding of psychological basis for individual human actions in space |
| Race | The physcial charecteristics of a person that connects them with other people of similar charecteristics. Ex) Skin color, face structure, hair type, etc. |
| Hearth | A place from which an innovation originates |
| Diffusion | The process by which a feature spreads from one place to another over time |
| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| Stimulus Diffusion | The spread of an underlying principle |
| Distance Decay | The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| Space-Time Compression | The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improed communications and transportation systems |
| Network | A chain of communication that connects places |
| Assimilation | The process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group |
| Acculturation | The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features |
| Syncretism | The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature |
| Local Diversity | Unique cultural traditions and economic practices |
| Arithmetic Density | Total number of objects in an area |
| Physiological Density | Number of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture |
| Agricultural Density | Number of farmers per unit of farmland |
| Uneven Development | The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the glabalization of the economy |
| Resources | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use |
| Sustainability | the use of Earth's resources in a way that ensures resource availability |
| Renewable Resources | produced naturally more rapidly than consumed by humans |
| Nonrenewable Resources | produced naturally slower than consumed by humans |
| Conservation | the management of natural resources |
| Preservation | maintenance of resources in their present condition |
| Climate | The long-term average weather condition at a particular location. Includes Topical, Dry, Temperate, Cold, and Polar |
| Environmental Determinism | A nineteenth and early twentieth-century approach tot he study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography is the study of how the environment causes human activites. |
| Possibilism | The theory that the physical environmental may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical enironment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. |
| Polder | Land that the Dutch have created by draining water from a certain area |
| Activity Space | An area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis |
| Sequent Occupancy | The succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history. |
| Level of Aggregation | The level at which you group things together for examination |
| Homogeneous Characteristic | In a formal region, there is at least one thing that is the same everywhere within the regional boundary |
| Linguistic Region | Everyone speaks the same language, but groups in that region can be very different culturally. |
| Political Regions | Typically have finite and well defined boundaries but can sometimes be porous like the US Canada border, or can be protected like the US Mexico border. |
| Environmental Regions | Have transitional and measurable boundaries. For example, the area between the Sahara and savanna is known as the Sahel |
| Bioregions (Biomes) | Formal regions that have a consistent climate, vegatation, and wildlife. |
| Ecotone | The environmental transition zone between two biomes. |
| Market Area | A type of functional region that is defined by the influence of advertising such as a sports team. |
| Area of Influence | The area in which a node has control over. |
| Absolute Location | A pont or place on the map using coordinates such as longitude and latitude. |
| Relative Location | The location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature. |
| Notation | Absolute location is given in degrees with latitude first and longitude second. |
| Decimal Degrees | Divisions of degrees such as minutes or seconds that are used for a more precise location. |
| Royal Naval Observatory | The building in Greenwich that defines the Prime Meridian |
| Interrelatedness | How a place is related to others such as in situation |
| Absolute Distance | The distance between two places as measured in linear units such as miles or kilometers. |
| Relative Distance | Distance as it affects how interrelated two places are. |
| Tobler's Law | Developed by American-Swiss geographer Waldo _____, it states that while all places are related, the closer places are the more related they are and vice versa. |
| Friction of Distance | When the length of distance becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points. |
| Central Places | Any node of human activity but are most often centers of economic exchange. |
| Transportation Nodes | Typically coincide with market centers as they provide accessibility to and from these points. |
| Central Place Theory | Developed in the 1930s by German geographer Walter Christaller. He explained how cities, towns, and villages are organized geographically into hexagons. |
| Core and Periphery | Many different types of regions have this relationship where there is one place that is the core of the landscape and the rest is concidered peripherary. The core is not necessarily in the geographic center. |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The core of an economic region such as New York City. |
| Peripheral | Areas on the outskirts of a functional region |
| Cluster | Areas in which things are grouped together |
| Growth Pole | The central point in which the clustering occurs |
| Agglomeration | When clustering occurs around a central point or growth pole |
| Random Pattern | When there is no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomoenon. |
| Scattered Pattern | Objects that are normally ordered by appear dispersed. |
| Linear Pattern | If a pattern is in a straight line |
| Sinuous Pattern | If a pattern is in a wave |
| Metes and Bounds | The use of natural features to divide up the land that was developed in Europe that was used up to the 1830s |
| Township and Range | A geometric way of dividing land that took over after 1830 that was based on latitude and longitude |
| Long-lot Patterns | Properties common in former French colonies that have a narrow frontage with a long lot shape behind. |
| Flow-line Maps | Use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern |
| Lambert Projection | An example of an equal area projection that squishes the northern Canadian islands to keep them at the same scale as southern Canada |
| Conformal Projections | Maintain the shape of polygons on the map, but distort the area. |
| Robinson Projection | An example of a projection that compromised between conformal and equal-area. R_____ |
| Goode's Homolosine Projection Model | An example of a projection that compromised between conformal and equal-area. G_____ |
| Spatial Model | Attempt to show the commonalitites in a pattern among similar landscapes |
| Urban Model | Try to show how different citites have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures. |
| Non-spatial Model | A model that does not make reference to space |
| Concentric Zone Model | Divides an area into rings that have different types of residents, real estate prices, or other attributes |
| Bid-rent Curve | Explains while real estate is more expensive closer to the city center and cheaper in the suburbs. |
| Gravity Model | An equation that multiples the quantitative sizes of two areas and divides them by their distance squared. The result is the strength of the relationship between the two places. |
| Data Layers | Numerical, coded, or textual data that is attributed to specific geographic coordinates or areas. |
| Spatial Analysis | Using data to draw conclusions between two phenomona as they occur in space |
| Navstar Satellites | Satellites that are used in GPS |
| Culture regions | Typically have "fuzzy borders" because they are hard to seperate at a specific point such as the North and South in the US. |
| Range | The distance that people are willing to travel for a good or service as related to central place theory. Ex: Bread vs. Doctor |
| Threshold | The amount of people that are needed to support a good or service as related to central place theory. Ex: Hospital vs. Gas station |
| Hinterland | The area of influence that a place has in central place theory. Cities will have larger areas of influence than towns, and towns will have larger areas of influence than villages. |
Created by:
matthew_greer
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