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Federal Bureaucracy
Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bureaucracy | A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials |
| Patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | (1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees based on merit instead of a favor to a political supporter. |
| civil service | A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle (qualified to do the job) and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service. |
| merit principle | The idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill. |
| Hatch Act (1939) | a congressional law that forbade government officials from participating in partisan politics and protected government employees from being fired on partisan grounds; it was revised in 1993 to be less restrictive |
| Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process. |
| General Schedule Rating | A schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience. |
| Senior Executive Service (SES) | An elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers, established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, who are mostly career officials but include some political appointees who do not require Senate confirmation. |
| independent regulatory commission | A government agency with responsibility for making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest in some sector of the economy and for judging disputes over these rules. |
| government coporation | An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial such as the U.S. Postal Service. |
| independent executive agency | The government not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory agencies, and government corporations. Its administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. NASA is an example. |
| policy implementation | the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program. |
| Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) | These are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Uniformity improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable. |
| administrative discretion | The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. Discretion is greatest when routines, or standard operating procedures, do not fit a case. |
| street-level bureaucrats | A phrase referring to those bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion. |
| regulation | the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector |
| command-and-control policy | The typical system of regulation whereby government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks that these commands are followed, and punishes offenders. |
| incentive system | An alternative to command-and-control, with market-like strategies such as rewards used to manage public policy. |
| Deregulation | The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. |
| executive orders | Regulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control bureaucracy. |
| Iron Triangle | Also known as subgovernments, a mutually dependent, mutually advantageous relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. Iron triangles dominate some areas of domestic policymaking. |
Created by:
Mrs. Kaminski
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