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Module 14

Section 4: Diabetes mellitus

QuestionAnswer
What is the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Insulin deficiency from destroyed pancreatic beta cells, which make insulin
What is the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Insulin resistance from decreased receptor sensitivity to insulin
What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus? Polydipsia (excessive thirst) Polyuria (excessive urination) Polyphagia (excessive eating) Lethargy, weakness, and fatique
What are the signs of diabetes mellitus? Fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL 2-Hr postprandial glucose (PPG) level greater than 200 mg/dL after taking premeasured amount of glucose Gucosuria (glucose in uring)
Nonpharmacological therapy for diabetes mellitus Reducing saturated fat and cholesterol intake Increasing soluble fiber and complex carbohydrate intake Managing weight Increasing physical activity Getting routine examinations of eyes, feet, and other body parts to protect against complications
Mechanism of action and possible side effects of insulin Mechanism of action: Aids in storage of glucose to be used for energy later Possible side effects: weight gain, hypoglycemia (high)
Five classes of insulins and examples from each claass Rapid-acting: Aspart, glulisine, lispro Short-acting: Regular insulin Intermediate-acting: Lente, isophane Long-acting: Glargine, detemir, ultralente Combination: Lispro protamine and lispro, aspart protamine and aspart, NPH an regular
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and examples of sulfonylureas Mechanism of action: Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin Possible side effects: Weight gain, hypoglycemia (moderate) Examples: Gimepriride, glipizide, glyburide
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and examples of meglitinides Mechanism of action: Increases insulin secretion Possible side effects: weight gain (moderate) hypoglycemia (low) Examples: Repaglinide, nateglinide
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and example of biguanide Mechanism of action: Increases insulin sensitivity Possible side effects: weight loss (potential), diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, nausea and vomiting, lactic acidosis (rate) Example: Metformin
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