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Module 14

Section 2: Hypertension

QuestionAnswer
What is hypertension? Chronic high blood pressure characterized by an increase in blood pressure during heart contraction (systolic blood pressure) or relaxation (diastolic blood pressure)
Which medications can cause hypertension? Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) corticosteroids, pseudoephedrine, venlafaxine, erythoproietin, cocaine, caffeine, oral contraceptives containing estrogen
What are risk factors for hypertension related to lifestyle? Smoking Obesity Lack of exercise High-sodium diet
Which diseases and conditions are risk factors for hypertension? High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) Diabetes mellitus Chronic kidney disease
What are sign of hypertension? Two consecutive blood pressure readings greater than 140/90 mm Hg
What are the complications of unmanaged hypertension? Brain: Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Heart: Heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI) Eye: Retinopathy, papilledema Kidney: Chronic kidney disease Peripheral vessels: Peripheral artery disease, aneurysm
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and examples of ACE inhibitors Mechanism of action: Antagonizes angiotensin II indirectly by inhibiting ACE Possible side effects: Cough, hyperkalemia, decreased kidney function, hypotension, angioedema Examples: Enalapril, lisinopril, captopril
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and examples of diuretics Mechanism of action: Reduces the amount of blood the heart has to pump Possible side effects: Decreased electrolytes, dehydration, hypotension, endocrine effects Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide.
Mechanism of action, possible side effects, and examples of alpha blockers Mechanism of action: Inhibits smooth muscle contraction in arteries Possible side effects: Orthostatic hypotension fainting, peripheral edema, hypotension, tachycardia (rare) Examples: Doxazosin, terazosin
Nonpharmacological therapy for hypertension Avoiding medications that increase blood pressure Following a low-sodium diet Eating more fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products with a reduced content of saturated and total fat Exercising at least 30 min. per day. Avoid alcohol.
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