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Chemistry Final Exam
CHE 111 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| water insoluble biochemical compounds | lipids |
| carboxylic acids that typically contain 12-30 carbon atoms | fatty acids |
| fatty acids that only have carbon-carbon single bonds in their hydrocarbon tails | saturated fatty acids |
| fatty acids that have one carbon carbon double bond in their hydrocarbon tail | monounsaturated fatty acid |
| fatty acids that have two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| contains 3 ester groups and has a glycerol residue | triglyceride |
| hydrolysis of triglyceride ester groups in the presence of aqueous NaOH | saponification |
| a double layer of amphipathic lipids that block the movement of polar molecules and ions | membranes |
| lipids in which phosphate is one of the key components in their formation | phospholipids |
| compounds that make or stabilize emulsions | emulsifying agents |
| a colloid formed by combining two lipids | emulsion |
| phospholipids that contain the alcohol sphingosine | sphingolipids |
| lipids that contain a sugar residue | glycolipids |
| monosaccharides that are used to produce glycolipids | cerebrosides |
| glycolipids that contain an oligosaccharide reside | gangliosides |
| a view of membrane structure which talks in terms of mobile phospholipids and embedded proteins | fluid mosaic model |
| moves solutes from higher concentration to lower concentration | facilitated diffusion |
| movement of solutes against diffusion, from lower to higher concentration | active transport |
| a class of lipids that have the same fused ring structure: 3 6-carbon atoms and 1 5-carbon atom ring | steroids |
| molecules that regulate the function of organs and tissues | hormones |
| hormones that regulate the formation of sex characteristics in men (facial hair, voice change) and in women (menstruation, breast tissue development) | sex hormones |
| hormones produced in the adrenal glands | adrenocorticoid hormones |
| produced from cholesterol and released from the gallbladder into the small intestine, where they aid digestion by forming emulsions with dietary fats | bile salts |
| lipids that are hormones that are derived from arachidonic acid and other essential 20-carbon fatty acids | eicosanoids |
| proteins that exist as long fibers or strings | fibrous proteins |
| proteins that are spherical in shape and highly folded | globular proteins |
| the order of amino acid residues in a peptide or protein | primary structure |
| results from H-bonding between amide groups | secondary structure |
| the series of alternating alpha carbon atoms and peptide (amide) groups | polypeptide backbone |
| polypeptide shape that looks like a coiled spring | α-helix |
| sheet-like arrangement of that forms when segments of a polypeptide chain align side by side | β-sheet |
| strands run in the same N-terminal to C-terminal direction | parallel sheets |
| segments run in opposite directions | antiparallel sheets |
| the overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein | tertiary structure |
| a biologically active molecule | native molecule |
| indentions or clefts important for other molecules to bind to | binding sites |
| nonpolar (hydrophobic) compounds are drawn to one another and avoid water | hydrophobic effect |
| nonpeptide components tightly bound to a polypeptide chain | prosthetic groups |
| proteins that require a prosthetic group for biological activity | conjugated proteins |
| proteins that function without a prosthetic group | simple proteins |
| a reactant | substrate |
| the enzyme accepts only one specific substrate | absolute specificity |
| the enzyme will react with a range of substrates having the same functional groups or similar structures | relative specificity |
| enzymes that react with or produce a particular stereoisomer | stereospecificity |
| binding sites where substrates attach | active sites |
| inorganic ions like Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Na+, and K+ that are required by enzymes for catalytic reaction | cofactors |
| organic compounds that enzymes require for catalytic reaction | coenzymes |
| the pH at which an enzyme is most active | pH optimum |
| the temperature at which an enzyme is most active | temperature optimum |
| phosphate, a monosaccharide, and an organic base; chains of these make up nucleic acids | nucleotide |
| form when the hemiaceteal group of a monosaccharide anomer reacts with an amine | N-glycosides |
| the 2 purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the three pyrimidine bases cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) | major bases |
| formed when ribose or 2-deoxyribose is combined with a purine or pyrimidine base | nucleoside |
| formed by the enzyme-catalyzed by modification of the major bases | minor bases |
| nucleosides containing ribose | ribonucleosides |
| nucleosides containing 2-deoxyribose | deoxyribonucleosides |
| produced when phosphate reacts with one of the -OH groups on the sugar residue of a ribonucleoside | ribonucleotides |
| produced when phosphate reacts with one of the -OH groups on the sugar residue of a deoxyribonucleoside | deoxyribonucleotides |
| formed by attaching a second phosphate to the first in a nucleotide | nucleoside diphosphate |
| formed by attaching a third phosphate to a nucleoside diphosphate | nucleoside triphosphate |
| one phosphate residue has 2 phosphoester connections to the same monosaccharide reside | cyclic nucleotides |
| 2-10 nucleotide resides | oligonucleotides |
| more than 10 nucleotide resides | polynucleotides |
| stretches of DNA that carry the codes for protein production | genes |
| helices being twisted into tighter, more compact shapes | supercoiling |
| molecules that contain at least one carboxyl group and one animo group | animo acids |
| the amino group is attaching to the carbon atom α to the carboxyl group | α-amino acids |
| an amino acids with one positive charge and one negative charge | zwitterion |
| the pH at which an amino acid has a net charge of 0 | isoelectric point (pI) |
| amino acid with a side chain of an alkyl group, an aromatic ring, or a nonpolar collection of atoms | nonpolar amino acid |
| amino acid whose side chain contains a carboxyl group | polar-acidic amino acid |
| amino acid whose side chain contains an amino group or another basic nitrogen containing group | polar-basic amino acid |
| amino acid whose side chain is usually an alcohol, a phenol, or an amide | polar-neutral amino acid |
| When amino acids are drawn in Fischer projections with the carboxyl group pointing up and the side chain pointing down, a ___ has the amino group on the right side and an ___ acid has it on the left side | D-amino acid L-amino acid |
| an amide bond formed by combining two amino acids | peptide bond |
| a structure thet consists of two amino acid residues | dipeptide |
| a combination of three amino acid units | tripeptide |
| a combination of four amino acid units | tetrapeptide |
| at some point, polypeptides contain enough amino acids to be referred to as ___ | proteins |
| the end of the peptide chain with the unreacted amino group | N-terminus |
| the end of the peptide chain with the free carboxyl group | C-terminus |
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