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AP Exam (Gov.)
AP Gov. & Politics court cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | 6-0 The Supreme Court held that Congress has implied powers derived from those listed in Article I, Section 8. The “Necessary and Proper” Clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank. But states don't have the power to tax the federal gov. |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional because the U.S. Congress, in enacting the legislation, had exceeded its authority under the commerce clause of the Constitution. |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | 6-1 decision. The Court ruled that the constitutional prohibition of laws establishing religion meant that government had no business drafting formal prayers for any segment of its population to repeat in a government-sponsored religious program. |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) | The Court prioritized free exercise of religion over the state interest in an educated populace. The Court ruled that the individual liberty to worship freely outweighed the state's interest in forcing students to attend school. |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | 7–2 decision. Armbands represented pure speech that is entirely separate from the actions of those participating in it. Held that the students did not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they stepped onto school property. |
| New York Time Co v. United States (1971) | 6-3 decision. “Pentagon Papers”. Defended the First Amendment right of free press against prior restraint by the government. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the material. |
| Schenck v. United States (1919) | The Supreme Court invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individual's free speech rights under the First Amendment. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | Ruled (9–0) that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged with a felony |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | The Supreme Court recognized that the right to liberty in the Constitution, which protects personal privacy, includes the right to decide whether to continue a pregnancy. |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) | 5-4 decision. The Court stated that the handgun ban was unconstitutional. The idea that self defense is a significant right so the 2nd Amendment applies to the states as well as the federal gov. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Racial segregation of schools, African American students had been denied admittance to public schools. The Court held that “separate but equal” and therefore racial segregation of public schools is unconstitutional. Violated 14th amendment. |
| Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) | The court held 5–4 that the free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for political campaigns by corporations, including nonprofit corporations, labor unions, and other associations. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | Ruled 6-2. Judicial review of the redistricting process violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | Addressed the limits of gerrymandering in the creation of majority-minority congressional districts. The justices decided that using racial reasons for redistricting is unconstitutional. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | The Supreme Court, for the first time, struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This decision created the doctrine of judicial review and set up the Supreme Court of the United States as chief interpreter of the Constitution |
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Popular American Government sets