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Chinese Painting
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Literati Painting (wenrenhua) | A style of painting practiced by scholar-officials and the educated elite, focusing on personal expression, brushwork, and simplicity rather than technical refinement. |
| Ink and Wash (shuimohua) | A painting technique that uses ink and water, often in monochrome, to create a wide range of tones and textures, emphasizing the beauty of brushstrokes and the expressive power of ink. |
| Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) | A period of great cultural and artistic development in China, marked by the rise of the literati class and the establishment of the imperial painting academy, which led to a golden age of Chinese painting. |
| Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) | The later period of the Song Dynasty, characterized by the continuation and refinement of the painting traditions established during the Northern Song period, including landscapes, bird-and-flower paintings, and literati art. |
| Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) | The Mongol-led dynasty that ruled over China, characterized by a fusion of Chinese and Mongol artistic traditions and the flourishing of scroll painting, which included the development of the "Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty." |
| Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty | Huang Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zan, and Wang Meng, four influential literati painters who contributed significantly to the development of landscape painting during the Yuan Dynasty. |
| Colophon (shuping) | An inscription or commentary added to a scroll painting by the artist, a collector, or a connoisseur, providing insight into the artist's intentions or the history of the artwork. |
| Hanging Scroll | A format for displaying paintings, consisting of a single vertical piece of silk or paper attached to a wooden roller at the bottom, which can be rolled up for storage or unrolled and hung for viewing. |
| Handscroll | A horizontal scroll format for painting and calligraphy, which is meant to be viewed section by section as it is unrolled, allowing the viewer to experience the artwork in a linear, narrative manner. |
| Academy Painting (jiaohuapai) | A style of painting developed during the Song Dynasty that was supported by the Imperial Painting Academy, characterized by precise brushwork, attention to detail, and naturalism, especially in landscapes and figure paintings. |
| Blue and Green Landscape (qinglu shanshui) | A landscape painting technique that originated during the Tang Dynasty and continued into the Song Dynasty, which features bright blue and green mineral pigments to create vivid, colorful, and idealized mountain landscapes. |
| Emperor Huizong (1082-1135) | A renowned art patron and painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, who was known for his elegant and delicate bird-and-flower paintings, as well as for establishing the Imperial Painting Academy. |
| Chan (Zen) Buddhism | A school of Buddhism that became prominent in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties and greatly influenced Chinese art, including scroll painting, with its emphasis on simplicity, spontaneity, and spiritual insight. |
| Bamboo Painting | A popular subject in Chinese scroll painting, especially among literati painters, representing resilience, integrity, and humility, often depicted in ink and wash with expressive brushwork. |
| Bird-and-Flower Painting (huaniao hua) | A genre of Chinese scroll painting that focuses on the depiction of birds, flowers, and other natural elements, symbolizing the beauty and harmony of nature, as well as moral and philosophical values. |
| Poetic Inscriptions | The integration of poetry or poetic verses into a scroll painting, often written by the artist or a scholar, which enhances the meaning and adds a literary dimension to the artwork. |
| Misty Landscapes | A landscape painting technique that employs layers of ink wash to create a sense of depth and atmosphere, with mountains and other elements partially obscured by mist or clouds, reflecting the influence of Daoist and Chan Buddhist philosophies. |
| Three Perfections | The combination of painting, poetry, and calligraphy in a single artwork, representing the ideal form of literati art and the harmonious integration of visual and literary expression. |
| Travelers Among Mountains and Streams | A famous landscape painting by the Northern Song Dynasty artist Fan Kuan, depicting the majesty and grandeur of nature, which has become an iconic work of Chinese scroll painting and a prime example of the monumental landscape style. |
| The Six Canons of Painting by Xie He Pt 1 | Spirit Resonance - Convey subject's essence. Bone Method - Skillful brushwork for structure. Correspondence to Object - Capture subject's spirit. |
| The Six Canons of Painting by Xie He Pt 2 | Suitability to Type - Appropriate color/ink application. Division and Planning - Balanced composition. Transmission by Copying - Learn from past masters. |
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