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125 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When looking at an AP film, where should the tip and side hole of a feeding tube be placed? | Beyond the gastroesophageal junction |
| Atelectasis can sometimes mimic | Pneumonia, particularly when other specific signs are absent |
| Which fissue appears as a horizontal line on the frontal radiograph | The minor fissure |
| Kerly B lines are the result of what? | CHF (interstital edema) |
| Most accuate way to detect pleural effusions | CT |
| Which condition is associated with narrow intercostal spaces when looking at a chest film | Atelectasis |
| What test can quantify a pleural effusion | Lung ultrasound |
| A patient with a clear chest radiograph has a decrease in SpO2 with an increase in PEEP. What is the best explanation for this? | Decreased cardiac output |
| Cardiac Output | HRxSV Reflects forward blood flow from the heart into the systemic vasculature and provides an overall assessment of cardiovascular function |
| Ejection Fraction | The fraction of blood pumped from the ventrilcles during a single cardiac contraction |
| Stroke Volume | The absolute volume of blood ejected during a single contraction of a venticle; in adults it is usually 70mL |
| What features on a radograph can indicate heart disease | Changes in size and shape of cardiac silhouette and great vessels |
| Where should the ETT be in relation to the carina | 4-6cm, 2-5cm |
| Asbestosis will present with what pattern on a chest film | Honeycomb appearance |
| What is the primary symptom of patients with left ventricular dysfunction | Dyspnea |
| Normal PR interval | 120-200 ms |
| Lead 1 EKG placement | To the right of the sternum in the 4th intercostal space |
| Lead 2 EKG placement | To the left of the sternum in the 4th intercostal space |
| Lead 3 EKG placement | midway between leads 2 and 4 |
| Lead 4 EKG placement | midclavicular line 5th intercostal space |
| Lead 5 EKG placement | anterior axillary line between 4 and 6 |
| Lead 6 EKG placement | mid axillary line horizontal with 4 |
| What does it mean to have 3rd degree heart block? | The atria and ventricles beat independently of each pther; impulses generated by the SA node are blocked before reaching the ventricles; a secondary pacemaker stimulates the venticles; this is an emergency and may degenerate into V fib or asystole |
| Characteristics of SVT | Rapid rate (over 160 bpm) and unidentified p waves |
| What is the most useful initial test t evaluate valvular function | Echocardiography |
| Systole | Ventricular contraction and ejection |
| Diastole | Ventricular filling and relaxation |
| Normal SA node rate | 60-100 bpm |
| AV node rate | 40-60 bpm |
| Ventricular rate | 20-40 bpm |
| Electrical anatomy pathway of the heart | SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers |
| What does the P wave represent | atrial depolarization |
| What does the QRS wave represent | ventricular depolarization |
| What does the T wave represent | ventricular repolarization |
| What is the ST segment | Brief period of electrical inactivity between depolarization and repolarization. Changes may suggest ischemia or injury |
| What part of the heart does leads 1 and 2 show? | Right ventricle |
| What part of the heart does leads 3 and 4 show? | Ventricular septum |
| What part of the heart does leads 5 and 6 show? | Left ventricle |
| 5 big squares are equal to | 1 sec |
| If needed, what medication is used to treat symptomatic bradycardia | Atropine, oxygen (IV access; transcutaneous pacing) |
| What medication is used to treat SVT if doing vagal maneuvers doesn't work | Adenosine |
| What intervention is needed for 3rd degree heart block | Temporary or permanent pacing |
| Torsades DePointes is usually caused by low | Calcium or Magnesium |
| What is PEA | Pulseless electrical activity, when organized electrical activity is observed on the cardiac monitor, but the patient's pulse cannot be palpated |
| Indications for a chest X-ray | Detecting alterations of the lung caused by pathological processes Determining the appropriate therapy Evaluating the effectiveness of treatment Determining the position of tubes and catheters Observing the progression of lung disease |
| Bone | Very dense |
| Water | Less dense |
| Fat | midly radiolucent |
| Air | Very radiolucent |
| Radiographic positions | AP, PA, lateral Right anterior oblique, anteroposterior supine, right lateral decubitus |
| Most common position for x-rays | PA |
| Most common x-ray position used for portable radiographs | AP |
Created by:
K.Moskowitz
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