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Biology 9
Cells, Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology 9 Study Stacks: Click the card to find the answer. Put the card into the 'know' bin or 'don't know' bin. Shuffle cards for variety. Scroll down to the bottom right - you should find 'Targets'. Click the targets on the variety of slides. | :) |
| Distinguish between RER and SER | RER - Ribosomes attach to ER which gives a rough appearance, involved protein synthesis SER - No ribosomes, involved in calcium storage |
| Where genetic material is stored in a cell | Nucleus |
| Organelle responsible for protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Organelle responsible for waste disposal. Digests obsolete or unused material in the cell | Lysosome - acts like a cellular stomach |
| Define DNA and functions in living organisms | Carries genetic information. DNA sequences converts into messages that are used to produce proteins |
| Distinguish between chromosomes, chromatin and DNA | Chromosomes are made up of chromatin which are made up of DNA and proteins. |
| Why muscle cells have a higher concentration of mitochondria compared to skin cells | Mitochondria produces ATP, energy in which the muscle cells need to function. Muscle cells possess a higher energy demand, and their requirement of energy must be fulfilled, so a higher number of mitochondria must be present. |
| Events that occur during interphase | Gap 1 - Cell growth (DNA) Synthesis - Duplication of DNA Gap 2 - Cell growth; prepares for PMAT If cell did not grow before division, it would be too small to function |
| Phase in which chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell | Metaphase |
| Functions of mitosis in living organisms | Assists for the growth of organisms Repairs damaged tissues |
| What is Budding? | Offspring starts as growth on a cell. When developed enough, it breaks off and forms offspring Used in yeast, small plants/animals |
| What is Binary Fission? | Organism splits into 2 equal halves Used by protists and bacteria |
| What is Fragmentation? | Breaking off part of the parent. A new organism can then grow off from the fragment. Used by worms & starfish |
| What is Spore formation? | Creates cell type called a spore. Spore grows when it lands in an environment suitable for reproduction Used by moulds/fungi |
| What is Vegetative Propagation? | Plants produce a runner, a long stem with a small plant growing on the end |
| Characteristics of cancer | 1. Mutated cell that replicates infinitely inside the body not able to activate self killing and not performing a distinctive cellular function 2. Uncontrolled mitosis (unregulated cell growth) |
| 2 Categories of cancerous tumors | 1. Malignant: Tumors undergo metastasis - the spread of cancer cell from first formation point to other parts of the body 2. Benign: Tumors have localized growth and less expansion - still harmful as they compress organs and use up body's resources |
| Carcinogens leading to cancerous mutations | Smoking - lung/throat cancer, through chemicals that damage DNA Viruses - HPV/HIV/Hepatitis, chronic infections leading to cancer UV Radiation - DNA damage resulting in skin cancer |
| Why meiosis must result in haploid cells (as opposed to diploid) | Human gametes are haploid (half # of chromosomes [23]) Zygote are diploid (2 sets of chromosomes [46]) Meiosis must result in haploid, otherwise (in diploid case), the number of chromosomes would be doubled, making it incapable of human life |
| Process that occurs during gamete production that results in genetic variation | During meiosis 1, crossing over, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information at their chiasmata, occurs. This results in new combination of genes within chromosomes, generating genetic diversity. |
| How do alleles tie in with crossing-over | Alleles, a form of the gene that codes for one specific trait, can be produced by the gene combinations created during crossing over. Passed down new alleles results in another form of genetic variation |
| New cell caused by the combination of an egg and sperm cell | Zygote |
| Consequences from non-disjunction during meiosis | Abnormal number of chromosomes also known as aneuploidy. Ex. 2 daughter cells with one extra copy (trisomy), and 2 daughter cells with one less copy (monosomy). These aneuploidies result in developmental defects: growth and intellectual disabilities |
| Which base pairs are complementary with the other: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine | Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine. These base pairs form and are held together by hydrogen bonds |
Created by:
kkhatri
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