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Structural
Structural Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another. | Surface Forces |
| A ____ _____ is developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical contact between the bodies. | Body Force |
| All cross sections are the same throughout its length. | Prismatic |
| Has the same physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume. | Homogeneous Material |
| Has these same properties in all directions. | Isotropic Material |
| Reflect the probability that the total loading R will occur for all the events stated. | Load Factors |
| Are determined from the probability of material failure as it relates to the material’s quality and the consistency of its strength. | Resistance Factors |
| If we select two line segments that are originally perpendicular to one another, then the change in angle that occurs between them is referred to as? | Shear Strain |
| A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown of the material and cause it to deform permanently. This behavior is called yielding. | Yielding |
| The stress that causes yielding is called the _____ ______, 𝜎𝑌 , and the deformation that occurs is called _______ ___________. | Yield Stress or Yield Point and Plastic Deformation |
| When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress. | Strain Hardening |
| Up to the ultimate stress, as the specimen elongates, its cross-sectional area will decrease. | Necking |
| Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures is called a ductile material. | Ductile Materials |
| Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as brittle materials. | Brittle Materials |
| As a material is deformed by an external load, the load will do external work, which in turn will be stored in the material as internal energy. This energy is related to the strains in the material, and so it is referred to as? | Strain Energy |
| When the stress reaches the proportional limit, the strain-energy density is referred to as the modulus of resilience. | Modulus of Resilience |
| This quantity represents the entire area under the stress–strain diagram, and therefore it indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures. | Modulus of Toughness |
| The ratio of modulus of toughness to the modulus of resilience. | Ductility Factor |
| When a material has to support a load for a very long period of time, it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired. | Creep |
| When a metal is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture. | Fatigue |
| A condition where a material break down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit. | Plasticity |
| When the plastic moment is removed from the beam then it will cause residual stress to be developed in the beam. | Residual Stress |
| Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. | Beams |
| The change in volume per unit volume is called the “volumetric strain” or the dilatation. | Dilatation |
| It occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period. | Resonance |
| Occurs when the structures center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity. | Torsional Shear Stress |
| Measured by a seismometer. | Ground Displacement |
| Reciprocal of deflection. | Rigidity of a Structure |
| It is the space between two adjacent floors. | Story |
| Rigid horizontal planes used to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements. | Diaphragms |
| Wall designed to resist lateral forces acting on its own plane, typically wind and seismic loads. | Shear Wall |
| It is the point where the object “suffers” no torque by the effect of the gravitational force acted upon it. | Center of Gravity |
| It is point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts. | Center of Rigidity |
| It is point through which the applied seismic force acts. | Center of Mass |
| It is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass. | Eccentricity |
| It is the total design lateral force. | Design Seismic Base Shear |
| Inverse of stiffness. | Flexibility of a Structure |
| It is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below. | Story Drift |
| Lateral displacement of the story relative to the base. | Story Displacement |
| Rate at which natural vibration is absorbed. | Damping |
| Instrument use to measure the peak ground acceleration, which is one of the most important characteristics of an earthquake. | Seismometer |
| Instrument use to measure the strain of rock under pressure. | Magnetometer |
| The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of ground due to earthquake. | Focus (Hypocenter) |
| The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus. | Epicenter |
| Story drift divided by the story height. | Story Drift Ratio |
| A measure of the strength of shaking during earthquake. | Intensity |
| A measure of energy released in an earthquake. | Magnitude |
| Is a state in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value. | Liquefaction |
| Is an oscillatory, sometimes violent movement of the ground’s surface that follows release of energy in the Earth’s Crust. | Earthquake |
| The sideways deflection of a building due to lateral (sideways) loads. | Shear Drift |
| The sideways deflection of axial (vertical) loads. | Chord Drift |
| A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 % of that in the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories above. | Stiffness Irregularity |
| Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any storey is more than 150 % of the effective mass of an adjacent storey. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. | Weight (Mass) Irregularity |
| Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any storey is more than 130 % of that in an adjacent storey. One-storey penthouses need not be considered. | Vertical Geometric Irregularity |
| An in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than the length of those elements. | In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Element Irregularity |
| A weak storey is one in which the storey strength is less than 80 % of that in the storey above. The storey strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the storey for the direction under consideration. | Discontinuity in Capacity |
| Shall be considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey drifts of the two ends of the structure. | Torsional Irregularity |
| Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a reentrant corner are greater than 15 % of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction. | Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity |
| Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 % of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm. | Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity |
| Discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements. | Out of Plane Offsets Irregularity |
| The vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force-resisting systems. | Non-Parallel Systems Irregularity |
| Is the force which determines whether the body will be in Equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion. | Resultant |
| The principle used in equations related to the deformation of axially loaded material. That the stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region. | Hooke’s Law |
| The ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain is constant. | Poisson’s Ratio |
| It is the constant of proportionality that defines the linear relationship between stress and strain. | Young’s Modulus |
| A structural member that has the ratio of its unsupported height to its least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load. | Column |
| Retarding force acting opposite of body in motion. | Kinetic Friction |
| It is the term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain. | Proportional Limit |
| Materials which have the same composition/compression at any point. Material has the same elastic properties in all directions. | Homogeneous |
| Property of a material enables it to under large permanent strains before failure. Ability of a material to deform/defuse in the plastic range without breaking. | Ductility |
| It is described herein stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens. | Pre-Tensioning |
| It is described herein stressing high strength steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength. | Post-Tensioning |
| Is described herein loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain. | Relaxation |
| Ability of a material to absorb energy in the Elastic Range. | Resilience/Modulus of Resilience |
| Ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic range or fracture point. | Toughness/Modulus of Toughness |
| Property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed. | Elasticity |
| It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts. | Center of Rigidity |
| It is the distance between the Center of Rigidity and Center of Mass. | Eccentricity |
| One in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above is called? | Soft Story |
| A Lateral Displacement of one level relative to the level above or below is called? | Story Drift |
| A sudden drop in the shear strength of a soil. | Liquefaction |
| Refers to the rigidity of a structure. | Reciprocal of Deflection |
| It is the point through which the applied seismic force acts. | Center of Mass |
| Refers to flexibility of structure. | Reciprocal of Stiffness |
| The material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all directions. The composite material exhibits elastic properties in one direction different from that in the perpendicular direction. | Orthotropic |
| Besides the Epicenter, it describes the location of the Earthquake. | Focal Depth |
| It is measured by a seismometer. | Actual Displacement or Seismic/Earthquake Waves |
| It is measured by the Richter Scale. | Magnitude of Earthquake |
| The material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes the structure to breakdown ultimately leading to fracture. | Fatigue |
| When a material has to support a load for a long period of time, what causes it to continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs. | Creep |
| Condition of a material when it breaks down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit. | Plasticity |
| It occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period. | Resonance |
| It occurs when the structure’s center of mass does not coincide with its center of rigidity. | Torsion/Torsional Shear Stress |
| The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without deviation from straight line proportionality between strain and stress. | Proportional Limit |
| The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a permanent elongation remaining upon complete unloading of the specimen. | Elastic Limit |
| Slope of the straight line portion of the curve or the ratio of stress over the strain. | Modulus of Elasticity |
| The ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without breakage or the ability to undergo considerable plastic deformation under tensile load before actual rupture. | Ductility |
| A property of a material where if the specimen be unloaded, it will not return to its original length, rather it will retain a permanent elongation sometimes called a permanent set. | Plasticity |
| The stress at which there occurs a marked increase in strain without an increase in stress. | Yield Stress |
| The max. stress a material is capable of developing. | Ultimate Stress |
| The stress at which the specimen actually breaks. | Rupture Strength |
| The property of a material to withstand high stress without great strain. | Stiffness |
| Implies the absence of any plastic deformation prior to failure. | Brittleness |
| The property of a material enabling it to undergo considerable plastic deformation under compressive load before actual rupture. | Malleability |
| The property of a material enabling it to endure high-impact loads or shock loads. | Toughness |
| The property of a material enabling high impact loads without inducing a stress in excess of the elastic limit. | Resilience |
| Ratio of the failure stress to the allowable stress. | Factor of Safety |
| The condition that renders the load resisting member unfit for resisting further increase in loads. | Failure |
| The tensile stress that develops on the diagonals surface. | Diagonal Tension |
| The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain for an unrestrained member. | Poisson's Ratio |
| Change of volume per unit volume. | Dilatation |
| Is one having a relatively large tensile strain up to the point of rupture. | Ductile Material "e" |
| Is one having a relatively small tensile strain up to the point of rupture. | Brittle Material |
| The rate of change of stress with respect to strain. | Tangent Modulus |
| The ratio of the ultimate or tensile strength to specific weight that is the weight per unit volume. | Specific Strength |
| Ratio of the Youngs modulus to the specific weight. | Specific Modulus |
| One having the same elastic properties in all directions at any one point of the body. | Isotropic Material |
| Is a ground mounted – device which measures the actual displacement. of the ground with respect to a stationary reference point. | Seismograph |
| It is the oldest useful measure of an earthquake’s strength which is based on the damage and other observed effects on people, buildings and other features. | Intensity |
| Forces generated by a body in motion. | Dynamic |
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johneilfeca
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