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A and P 2 Review 5
metabolism/urinary
| Reabsorption of water is controlled by... | hormones (hormonally) |
| Function of the juxtaglomular apparatus is to... | help regulate blood pressure and rate of blood filtration by the kidneys |
| The salt level-monitoring part of the nephron is.. | macula dense |
| Hormone that is responsible for stimulating water reabsorption is... | ADH |
| Glomerular filtration rate control methods are... | Renal Autoregulation, Neural Regulation, and Hormonal Regulation |
| The most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion are... | Angiotensin II and Aldosterone |
| The function of Aldosterone is... | to regulate the salt and water balance of the body |
| Cells of the kidney that are chemoreceptors and respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate are... | macula densa cells |
| In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the thick segment moves... | ions out into interstitial (occupying) space for reabsorption in the bloodstream |
| Methods that cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH are... | be reabsorbing filtrated bicarbonate ion , by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate, and by producing new bicarbonate ions |
| Excretion of dilute urine requires... | impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
| Clearance value glucose is zero means... | normally all glucose is reabsorbed |
| The factor favoring filtrate formation at glomerulus is the... | glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
| Kidney function in older adults (+70)... | decreases due to a gradual decline or loss of nephrons with aging |
| A disease cause by inadequate secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) by the pit. gland with polyuria, which is abnormal amounts of diluted urine, is... | diabetes insipidus |
| Three parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are... | granular cells, macula densa, and mesangial cells |
| tubular reabsorption by active mechanisms usually involves... | movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient |
| Reasons why substances are not absorbed or are incomplete from the nephron are... | they lack carriers, they are not lipid soluble, they are extremely complex molecules |
| Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by... | secondary active transport |
| Fetal kidneys do not have to work hard because | the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear waste from fetal blood |
| Acts as a trigger for initiation of micturition (voiding)... | the stretching of the bladder wall |
| The filtration membrane includes the following... | basement membrane, podocytes, and glomerular endothelium |
| A mechanism of water reabsorption by renal tubules is... | osmosis |
| KNOW: Most electrolyte reabsorption by renal tubule occurs in PCT (proximal convoluted tubule). | |
| Homeostatic fine tuning of electrolytes is hormonally controlled in... | distal tubule segments |
| Macula densa cells respond to... | changes in solute content of filtrate |
| What are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule... | Na+, K+, and Glucose |
| KNOW: The fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to plasma. | |
| What is the difference between glomerular and plasma is... | Glomerular capsule doesn't contain a significant amount of plasma protein unlike plasma |
| Alcohol acts as a diuretic because... | it inhibits the release of ADH |
| Function of angiotensin II is... | constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
| The descending limb of the Loop of Henle contains... | fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
| Ureters are capable of... | peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract |
| The fatty tissue around the the kidneys is important because it stabilizes... | the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
| The renal corpuscle is made up of... | Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
| The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the... | nephron |
| Function of a nephron is... | nephrons are the main part of the kidney and produces urine |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for... | regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure |
| The chief force pushing water and solutes out of blood across the filtration membrane is... | glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
| The description of the histology (microscope view) of ureters is... | trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia) |
| The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends on the permeability properties mostly on the... | loop of henle |
| urine passes through the... | pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra |
| Three things associated with the renal corpuscle are... | Podocytes, fenestrated capillaries, and an efferent arteriole |
| An increase in permeability of cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a... | increase in production of ADH |
| The urinary bladder is composed of _______ epithelium... | transitional |
| The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by... | decrease in the blood pressure |
| Functions of the urinary system are... | maintain osmolarity, regulate pH and produces hormones, and maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood |
| What gland sits atop the kidneys... | adrenal |
| Glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it... | is drained by an efferent arteriole |
| What are produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle eventually yield ATP via oxidative phosphorylation... | NADH and FADH2 |
| What food group is considered a good source of complete proteins... | eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish |
| Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include... | adequate essential amino acids, excessive amounts of proteins in the diet, and inadequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation |
| Hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and actual body temperature is lower than that level the body may... | shiver |
| Glucose can be obtained from... | glycogenolysis |
| Functions of LDLs are... | regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells, make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis, and influences cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells |
| Negative nitrogen balance is... | Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis |
| The primary reason we should reduce calorie intake when we age is... | muscle mass and metabolism decline with age |
| Major means of heat exchange with our environment are... | radiation, conduction/convection, and evaporation |
| KNOW: Amino acids are building blocks | |
| This nutrient yields the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized is... | fat(s) |
| What occurs in the mitochondria... | electron-transport, Krebs cycle, and formation of malic acid from fumaric |
| Beta Oxidation... | occurs in the mitochondria, every second carbon is reduced, fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments |
| Oxidation reduction reactions may involve... | the loss of hydrogen and electrons |
| What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work is... | phosphorylation |
| Sources of glucose during postabsorptive state are... | glycogenolysis in the liver, lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver, and catabolism of cellular protein |
| The most abundant dietary lipids are... | triglycerides |
| Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed... | radiation |
| A hormone that directs essentially all events of the absorptive state is... | insulin |
| What is the only organ that burns glucose while every other organ is mostly switches to fatty acids during the progress from absorptive to postabsorptive is the... | brain |
| In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. | glycerol |
| The amine group in the liver is removed by oxidation to produce... | ammonia |
| Ammonia is further metabolized to ____ for excretion. | urea |
| Mechanisms of heat production or retention are... | shivering, vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood, and enhanced thyroxine release |
| Heat loss mechanisms include... | reducing physical activity, evaporation of sweat, behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing |
| The most important hormonal factor in determining BMR (rate of energy) is... | thyroxine aka thyroid hormone |
| When ketones are present in the blood and urine in large quantities it indicates increased metabolism of... | fatty acids |
| The most critical factor that influences BMR is... | the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body |
| Lipogenesis occur swhen... | cellular ATP and glucose levels are high |
| Oxidative deamination takes place in the... | liver |
| Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is... | transferred to a keto acid |
| Glycogen is formed in the liver during the... | absorptive (fed) state |
| A normal consequence of the activation of the heat- promoting center is... | the release of epinephrine |
| Gluconeogenesis is the process of... | glucose being formed from noncarbohydrate precursors |
| Glycolysis is a catabolic reaction based on... | the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| The outcome of ketosis is... | metabolic acidosis |
| What happens during the absorptive state... | Anabolic processes exceed catabolic |
| Proteins are essentials to the body because... | formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes, production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies, and production of some hormones |
| It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because... | most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients |
| KNOW: Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions are catalyzed by enzymes | |
| Enzymes catalyzed in redox are... | dehydrogenases and oxidases |
| The pathway of cellular respiration includes... | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation |
| Anabolism includes reactions in which... | larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones |
| Catabolism would be best defined as a process that... | breaks down complex structures to simpler ones |
| The primary function of cellular respiration is to... | break down food molecules and generate ATP |
| The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as... | lipolysis |
| What produces the most ATP during cellular respiration... | oxidative phosphorylation |
| The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is... | glucose |
| Fates of carbohydrate taken into the body are... | glycogenesis, conversion to a nucleic acid, ATP production, and lipogenesis |
| Dietary fats are important because they... | help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins |
| Cholesterol has importance in the body because it... | stabilizes components of the plasma membrane and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones |
| A complete protein source must meet all the body's amino acids requirements for ______ and ______... | maintenance; growth |
| Metabolism is defined as... | biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy |
| Basal Metabolic rate reflects... | energy the body needs to preform only its most essential activities |
| When proteins undergo deamination the waste substance found in urine is mostly... | urea |
| Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs is... | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Site of filtration is... | glomerulus |
| Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells is... | peritubular capillaries |
| Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule is... | collecting duct |
| Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids... | lipogenesis |
| Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids is... | lipolysis |
| Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups is... | beta oxidation |
| Formation of ketone bodies is... | ketogenesis |
| Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose is... | glycogenolysis |
| Formation of glucose from proteins or fats... | gluconeogenesis |
| Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen is... | glycogenesis |
| Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is... | glycolysis |
| Glucose serves as the initial reactant in this... | glycolysis |
| Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons by coenzymes and CO2 production from the substrate molecule is... | Krebs Cycle |
| Occurs in the cytosol of a cell is... | glycolysis |
| Produces the most ATP is... | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons is... | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation |
Created by:
vdharwood
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