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Chapter 17 APES

Human Health and Environmental risks

TermDefinition
Disease Any impaired function of the body with a characteristics set of symptoms.
Infectious disease A disease caused by a pathogen.
Acute disease A disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism.
Chronic disease A disease that slowly impairs functioning of an organism.
Epidemic A situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease.
Pandemic An epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region.
Plague An infectious disease caused by the bacterium (Yersinia pestis), carried by fleas.
Malaria An infectious disease caused by one of several species of protists in the genus (Plasmodium).
Tuberculosis Bacterial infection of the lungs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Emergent infectious disease Infectious disease that has not been previously described or common for at least 20 years.
AIDS an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HIV a virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Ebola an infectious disease with high death rates, caused by the Ebola virus
Mad cow disease a disease in which prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cow's nervous system
Prion a small, beneficial protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen.
Swine flu A type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus.
Bird flu A type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus.
SARS A type of flu caused by a coronavirus.
West Nile virus Lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes.
Lyme disease A disease caused by a bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) that is transmitted by ticks.
Zika virus disease A disease caused by a pathogen that causes fetuses to be born with unusually small heads and damaged brains.
Neurotoxin a chemical that disrupts the nervous systems of animals
Carcinogen chemicals that cause cancer
Mutagen carcinogens that cause damage to the genetic material of a cell
Teratogen chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses
Allergen a chemical that causes allergic reactions.
Endocrine disruptor chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal's body.
Dose-response study a study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction
Acute study an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration
Chronic study an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration
LD50 The lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study.
Sublethal effect the effects of an environmental hazard that are not lethal, but which may impair an organism's behavior, physiology, or reproduction
ED50 The effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect.
No-observed-effect level The No-Observed-Effect Level is the highest dose at which there is no observed effect in a test population.
Retrospective study a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past
Prospective study a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future
Synergistic interaction risks that cause more harm together than expected based on separate individual risks
Route of exposure the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard
Solubility how well a chemical dissolves in a liquid.
Bioaccumulation the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism
Biomagnification the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain
Persistence the length of time a chemical remains in the environment
Environmental hazard anything in the environment that can potentially cause harm
Innocent-until-proven-guilty principle based on the philosophy that a potential hazard should not be considered a hazard until the scientific data can definitively demonstrate that a potential hazard actually causes harm
Precautionary principle A principle based on the belief that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard.
Stockholm Convention a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals
REACH A 2007 agreement...registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals.
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