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Endocrine System
A&P 102
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classic endocrine signals (definition) | hormones secreted into blood to affect distant targets |
| paracrine signals (definition) | chemical affects cells nearby |
| autocrine signals (definition) | affects the same cell that excreted the chemical |
| organs of the endocrine system are called... | endocrine glands |
| endocrine glands consist of _________ cells. | ductless glandular epithelial |
| primary organs (definition) | only endocrine functions |
| secondary organs (definition) | both endocrine and other functions (not considered part of the endocrine system) |
| 7 primary organs | 1. anterior pituitary gland 2. thyroid gland 3. 3-5 small parathyroid glands 4. adrenal cortices 5. endocrine pancreas 6. thymus 7. ovaries or testes |
| where is the anterior pituitary gland located? | sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
| where is the thyroid gland located? | anterior neck |
| where are the 3-5 small parathyroid glands located? | on posterior thyroid gland |
| where are the 2 adrenal cortices located? | superior surface of the kidneys |
| where is the endocrine pancreas located? | left side of pelvic cavity, mostly posterior to the stomach |
| where is the thymus located? | in superior mediastinum (chest) |
| neuroendocrine organs (definition) | (secondary organs) an organ that consists of nervous tissue but also secretes hormones (neurohormones) |
| what are the 3 neuroendocrine organs? | hypothalamus, pineal gland, and adrenal medulla (in the core of the adrenal gland) |
| what are the 4 secondary endocrine organs that are not neuroendocrine? | heart, kidneys, small intestines, and adipose tissue (sometimes cancer cells) |
| what are the 2 basic classes of hormones? | steroid and amino-acid based (proteins) |
| amino-acid based (protein) hormones are ___? (water__) | hydrophilic |
| what hormone is the exception to the amino-acid based (protein) hormone rule about being hydro__? what amino acid is it derived from? | thyroid hormone, tyrosin (tai-ruh-seen) |
| what are steroid hormones derived from? | cholesterol |
| steroid hormones are __? (water__) | hydrophobic |
| what endocrine organs produce steroid hormones? (note this means the rest of the organs produce amino-acid based [protein] hormones) | adrenal cortices, testes, and ovaries |
| steroid hormones are considered __-__ because they are able to mix with __ and be stored in __. | lipid-soluble, fats, adipose tissue |
| amino acid based (protein) hormones travel through blood as __. | free hormones |
| steroid hormones travel through blood as __. | bound hormones |
| receptor (definition) | a 3 dimensional protein within a membrane that binds to hormones |
| binding __ the lifespan of a hormone within the blood. | extends |
| when epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to smooth muscle cells serving blood vessel of skeletal muscles it causes the cells to __ and the vessels to __. | relax, dilate |
| when epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to smooth muscle cells serving the digestive organs and skin it causes the cells to __ and the vessels to __. | contract, constrict |
| hormone receptors may be located within the __, __, or __. | plasma membrane, cytosol, or nucleus |
| Which type of hormones can cross the phospholipid bilayer? why? | steroid hormones, because they are hydrophobic and fatty (and thyroid) |
| upregulation (definition) | when the level of a particular hormone in the blood declines, target cells will make more receptors for the hormone (making it more sensitive) |
| downregulation (definition) | prolonged exposure to high levels of a particular hormone causes cells to decrease the amount of receptors for the hormone |
| second messenger system (definition) | when an amino-acid based hormone binds with a receptor it activates one or more proteins that serve as "second messengers" |
| the most common second messenger system receptor is the __, which splits into 2 subunits and either activates or inhibits an enzyme. activations leads to the __ of a __. | G-proteins, creation, second messenger |
| a single hormone molecule can bind a receptor and lead to the formation of hundreds of second messengers, this is referred to as? | signal amplification |
| cAMP stands for? | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| in the cAMP system, what enzyme catalyzes to form cAMP? | adenylate ciclase |
| cAMP activates which enzyme? | protein kinase A |
| protein kinase A __ multiple proteins. | phosphorylates |
| when a hydrophobic hormone binds to an intracellular receptor it forms a __-__ __, which binds to regions of DNA called __-__ __ | hormone-receptor complex, hormone-response elements |
| synergists (definiton) | hormones that act on the same target cell to exert the same effect |
| antagonists (definition) | hormones that act on the same target cell but have opposite effects |
| what two organs are responsible for SOME of the removal of hormones? | liver and kidneys |
| which hormone has a longer half life and why? | hydrophobic (steroid) because they bind to proteins to circulate through the blood |
| what type of stimuli causes endocrine cells to increase or decrease secretion in response to other hormones? | hormonal stimuli |
| what type of stimuli causes cells to increase or decrease secretion in response to the concentration of certain ion or compound in the blood or interstitial fluid? | humoral stimuli |
| what type of stimuli causes cells to increase or decrease secretion based on signals from the nervous system? | neural stimuli |
| tropic hormones (definition) | control hormone secretion from other endocrine glands |
| trophic hormone (definition) | induces growth in target cell |
| how is the pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus? | infundibulum |
| another name for anterior pituitary gland | adenohypophysis |
| another name for posterior pituitary gland | neurohypophysis |
| capillaries in the hypothalamus that drain down veins in the infundibulum to capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland are called __ | hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
| 2 neurohormones made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary | antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| what is ADH, where is it released, and what does it control | antidiuretic hormone, made in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, water retention by kidneys |
| what connects the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to transmit hormone potentials? | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
| water channels inserted into the plasma membrane of kidney tubules that allows water to enter cytosol of kidney cells by osmosis thereby decreasing water left to be excreted. (only present with adh) | aquaporins |
| cells in the hypothalamus that monitor the changes of the solute concentration of the blood | osmoreceptors |
| abnormal lack of adh secretion or activity causing extreme thirst, dehydration, and very high solute concentration of the blood | diabetes insipidus |
| hormone that stimulates milk let-down reflex (a positive feedback system) and has target cells in the smooth muscle of the uterus | oxytocin |
| the hypothalamus controls many of the anterior pituitary glands functions through the production and release of tropic hormons called __ | releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| most hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are tropic EXCEPT for __ | growth hormone |
| what is TRH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? (first tier) | thyrotropin-releasing hormone, made in hypothalamus, effects anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) |
| what is TSH, what inhibits the release of it, and where is the later made? | thyroid-stimulating hormone, somatostatin, hypothalamus |
| what is TSH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? (second tier) | thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), anterior pituitary gland, stimulates development of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones |
| what 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? | growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone |
| what is ACTH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? (second tier) | adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the development of adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones |
| what is CRH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? (first tier) | corticotropin-releasing hormone, hypothalamus, affects anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| hormone that stimulates milk production, what secretes it, and what is it stimulated by? | prolactin, anterior pituitary gland, suckling or prolactin-releasing hormone |
| what inhibits prolactin and what secretes it? | prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine), hypothalamus |
| what are the 2 gonadotropins? | luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| what is LH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? (second tier) | luteinizing hormone, anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the production of testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females (also triggers release of oocyte [immature egg cell] in the process of ovulation |
| what is GnRH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? | gonadotropin-releasing hormone, hypothalamus, stimulates release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| what is FSH, what secretes it, and what does it affect? | follicle-stimulating hormone, anterior pituitary gland, in males it stimulates cells in the testes to bind and concentrate testosterone & in females it helps LH to trigger production of estrogen and maturation of ovarian follicles (has developing oocytes) |
Created by:
drlake91
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