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MGMT405 Exam 2
Key Concepts
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Achievement culture | a culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions |
| Ascription culture | a culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is |
| Collectivism | the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty |
| Communitarianism | refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group |
| Culture | acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior; forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior |
| Diffuse culture | a culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well |
| Emotional culture | a culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally |
| Femininity | a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life |
| GLOBE | a multicountry study and evaluation of cultural attributes and leadership behaviors among more than 17,000 managers from 951 organizations in 62 countries |
| Individualism | the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only |
| Masculinity | a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things |
| Neutral culture | a culture in which emotions are held in check |
| Particularism | the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and that something cannot be done the same everywhere |
| Power distance | the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally |
| Specific culture | a culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily share with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates |
| Uncertainty avoidance | the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these |
| Universalism | the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification |
| Values | basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant |
| Ethnocentric predisposition | a nationalistic philosophy of management whereby the values and interests of the parent company guide strategic decisions |
| Geocentric predisposition | a philosophy of management whereby the company tries to integrate a global systems approach to decision making |
| Globalization imperative | a belief that one worldwide approach to doing business is the key to both efficiency and effectiveness |
| Guanxi | Chinese for "good connections" |
| Parochialism | the tendency to view the world through one's own eyes and perspectives |
| Polycentric predisposition | a philosophy of management whereby strategic decisions are tailored to suit the cultures of the countries where the MNC operates |
| Regiocentric predisposition | a philosophy of management whereby the firm tries to blend its own interests with those of its subsidiaries on a regional basis |
| Simplification | the process of exhibiting the same orientation toward different cultural groups |
| Bicultural group | a group in which two or more members represent each of two distinct cultures, such as four Mexicans and four Taiwanese who have formed a team to investigate the possibility of investing in a venture |
| Eiffel Tower culture | a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the task |
| Family culture | a culture that is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the person |
| Groupthink | consensus reached because of social conformity and pressures on individual members of a group to conform to group norms |
| Guided missile culture | a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the task |
| Homogenous group | a group in which members have similar backgrounds and generally perceive, interpret, and evaluate events in similar ways |
| Incubator culture | a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality and orientation to the person |
| Multicultural group | a group in which there are individuals from three or more different ethnic backgrounds (such as 3 Americans, 3 Germans, 3 Uruguayans, and 3 Chinese managers who are looking into mining operations in South Africa) |
| Organizational culture | shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their roles in and the norms of the organization |
| Token group | a group in which all members but one have the same background (such as a group of Japanese retailers and a British attorney) |
| Chromatics | the use of color to communicate messages |
| Chronemics | the way in which time is used in a culture |
| Communication | the process of transferring meanings from sender to receiver |
| Context | information that surrounds a communication and helps convey the message |
| Distributive negotiations | bargaining that occurs when two parties with opposing goals compete over a set value |
| Downward communication | the transmission of information from managers to subordinate |
| Haptics | communication through the use of bodily contact |
| Integrative negotiation | bargaining that involves cooperation between two groups to integrate interests, create value, and invest in the agreement |
| Intimate distance | distance between people that is used for very confidential communications |
| Kinesics | the study of communication through body movement and facial expression |
| Monochromic time schedule | a time schedule in which things are done in a linear fashion |
| Negotiation | bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a solution acceptable to all |
| Nonverbal communication | the transfer of meaning through means such as body language and the use of physical space |
| Oculesics | the area of communication that deals with conveying messages through the use of eye contact and gaze |
| Perception | a person's view of reality |
| Personal distance | in communicating, the physical distance used for talking with family and close friends |
| Polychromic time schedule | a time schedule in which people tend to do several things at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement that on getting things done one time |
| Proxemics | the study of the way people use physical space to convey messages |
| Public distance | in communicating, the distance used when calling across the room or giving a talk to a group |
| Social distance | in communicating, the distance used to handle most business transactions |
| Upward communication | the transfer of meaning from subordinate to superior |
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