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Sem 2 Final
A & P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most rare form of Spina Bifida: Involves a delicate cyst that produces from the spinal cord; contains only meninges and cerebrospinal fluid | Meningocele |
| Which accessory organs has the primary function of protective and sensory organs | Hair |
| When peripheral nerve tissue is damaged, it can often grow back and repair itself. This capacity is provided by.. | neurilemma |
| The myofilament bonding of a muscle contraction can only occur in the presence of what element | Calcium |
| Which action is most likely to stimulate the inverse stretch reflex | Bouncing type of stretches; ballistic stretch |
| Salutatory nerve impulse conduction only occurs on what kind of neuron | Myelinated |
| Which type of receptor is a specialized mechanoreceptor found in skeletal muscles and joints | Proprioceptor |
| Which structure is a primary component of the peripheral nervous system | Trigeminal nerve |
| Which horizontal fascial planes should be prioritized in a treatment plan to help relieve chronic neck pain associated with a forward head posture, rounded shoulders and collapsed thorax | Thoracic inlet & Diaohragm |
| Which if these statements best describe the function of neurotransmitters | From a chemical bridge to carry the impulse across the synapse |
| What portion of a muscle cell is the actual contractile unit | Sarcomere |
| The neuromuscular reflex that inhibits the antagonist of a contracting muscle | Reciprocal Inhibition |
| The peripheral nervous system has -----pairs of cranial nerves and -----pairs of spinal nerves | 12;31 |
| What is another term for nerve impulse | Action potential |
| The mineralocorticoid hormones' are secreted by what endocrine gland | Adrenal cortex |
| A client diagnosed with type 2 diabetes intends to manage it with diet, exercise, and massage therapy. What can she realistically expect from massage therapy goal | Massage therapy can help dropping blood glucose, but the duration of the effect is not clear |
| What structure controls most of the endocrine system function | Hypothalamus |
| What bod region does the brachial nerve plexus innervate | Full upper extremity |
| What characteristic do all 31 pair of spinal nerves share | They are all mixed nerves |
| The stress response in the pituitary gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus to release GH, TSH, and ACTH to help the body continue its fight against stressors is called | Resistance Response |
| Which if Myers' myofascial chains connects the plantar fascia of the foot to the fascia on the forehead | Superficial back line |
| Which of these is the best definition of a kinetic chain | A group of associated muscles that are engaged in a specific sequence to create a complex & coordinated movement |
| The nerve damage associated with diabetes mellitus is a from of | Peripheral neuropathy |
| Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous system | Brian & Spinal Cord |
| What body membrane is classified as a connective tissue membrane | Synovial |
| Which mechanical property of fascia gives it the ability to extend and slowly rebound | Viscoelasticity |
| Type of spina bifida may not be obvious at birth, although it occasionally carries the risk of serious complication | Occulta (SBO) |
| Client presents with chronic repetitive hamstring strains, a thorough treatment plane would prioritize treatment of the entire fascia latae of the thigh and other components of the superficial back myofascial train; including | Thoracolumbar aponeurosis fascia & Plantar fascia |
| What are the three mechanical properties of fascia | Viscoelasticity, Piezoelectricity, Thixotropic |
| In the body's tensegrity system, which components serve as the compression spacers | Bones |
| What is the most common form of anxiety disorder | Social Phobia |
| Your client has hyperthyroidism, she wonders if massage therapy might help her fell more relaxed. What are two cautions to bear in mind about working with this client | This condition can involve damaged skin; If goiter present work the anterior is contraindicated |
| The two primary types of lipid=soluble hormones are the steroids' and | Thyroid Hormones' |
| The connective tissue links between muscles, bones, and fascial membranes that provide a pathway for the mechanical communication of tension and compression is the definition for: | Myofascial Train |
| What kind of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to | Mechanical damage to tissue |
| What is the purpose of the four horizontal planes of fascia in the body | Structurally divide both anterior and posterior cavities & Support blood vessels and nerves |
| What is the name for the connective tissue layer of epithelial membranes | Basement Membranes |
| What effect does parathyroid hormones have on the kidneys | Stimulates the production of calcitriol |
| Since 40% to 45% of the neurons in the typical skeletal muscle nerve are sensory and 80% of these are the myofascial receptors, it means the majority of sensory info. provided by the muscle and fascia are directed to.. | Autonomic Nerves System |
| which cranial nerves do therapist need to avoid compressing when applying manual techniques around the temporal-mandibular joint | Facial & Trigeminal |
| When a person has a spinal cord injury, he or she is likely to have... | Some motor & sensory paralysis everywhere below the level of injury |
| Which of these connective tissue components of the skeletal muscle is classified as organized fibrous | Tendon |
| Which cranial nerve is affected in the pathology of Bell's Palsy | Facial Nerve |
| Once stimulus is removed, which of these is the last step in the sliding filament mechanism | ATP is used to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the pancreatic islet cells product insulin | Beta |
| Which layer of meninges serves as the tough protective cover | Dura Mater |
| What is the name of the specialized capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid | Choroid Plexus |
| What is the name of cranial nerve V | Trigeminal |
| What part of a neuron contains the vesicles that store and release the neurotransmitters | Synaptic Bulbs |
| What change occurs in the muscle during a concentric contraction | The Muscle shortens |
| Which type of neuron is found only in the central nervous system | Integrative Neuron |
| What is the best description of diabetes mellitus | A group of conditions that lead to hyperglycemia |
| Which of the cutaneous receptors is the most numerous and widespread | Free Nerve Endings |
| What is the function of the ependymal cells in the nervous system | Produce cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is the name of the physiologic theory that explains the relationship between muscle length and the force generated by its contraction | Length-Strength Ratio |
| What is meant by the term fascial plasticity | Denotes the changeable responsive and adaptive nature of the fascia |
| What is the function of mucus in the digestive tract | Protects the tract from erosion and facilitates swallowing food |
| What are the defining characteristics of a trigger point | Always in a taut band-Palpable in nature- Compression creates a radiating pattern of pain |
| What endocrine gland secretes the tropic hormones | Anterior Pituitary |
| Which of these is NOT a function in the integumentary system | Monitor and adjust blood pH levels |
| Which portion of the spinal cord is called the ascending tract | Sensory Tract |
| What is the function of the keratin in skin | Toughens the epidermis and makes it water resistant |
| The perimysium is a layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into several compartments called | Fascicles |
| The sarcomere of the skeletal muscle is a small unit of bundled | Actin and Myosin |
| Manual therapy methods that use some type of repositioning designed to reverse gamma gain include positional release, strain counterstain, and... | Functional Technique |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates throughout the CNS via a series of passageways and chambers that include the arachnoid layer of the meninges, as well as.. | Ventricles inside the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord |
| What layer of the skin contains the melanocytes | Epidermis |
| Which of these endocrine glands is the only one located in the thoracic cavity | Thymus |
| What physiologic reflex is being employed to reduce muscle tension in the active release and facilitated stretch forms of manual therapy | Golgi tendon organ-inverse stretch reflex |
| The three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine glands include neurologic stimulus, hormonal stimulus, and.. | Change in blood concentration |
| What fascial layer forms the outer envelope of the muscle and anchors it to the hypodermis | Epimysium |
| The relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland is an example of which method of stimulus for hormone secretion | Neurological stimulus |
| When threshold stimulus is applied to a motor unit, what happens | All fibers in the unit contract fully |
| The interstitial fascia receptors are found throughout the body, but have their highest density in the | Periosteum |
| What is the advantage of having multiple motor units in the skeletal muscle | Allows the brain to regulate the Amount of force used for any movement by changing the number of motor units engaged |
| What is the cause of most spinal cord injuries in the US | A crushing blow |
| Which function of the nervous system is described as the capacity to process sensory information and direct signal or multiple body responses | Integrative |
| Type of spina bifida that most serious and frequently diagnosed: Involves a delicate cyst that contains meninges and parts of the spinal cord or cauda equina that protrudes from the back of a newborn infant | Myelomeningocele |
| According to reciprocal inhibition, which muscle is inhibited when the biceps brachii is contracted | Triceps Brachii |
| This condition involves the formation of many small lesions on the thyroid that may lead to excessive hormonal secretions | Multinodular Goiter |
| In this condition, blood glucose levels are consistently higher than normal but fall short of a typical diagnostic criterion | Prediabetes |
| What is the function of the cutaneous membrane | Provides the outer protective covering for the entire body |
| What is the anatomic name for sweat glands | Sudoriferous |
| The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system | Tensegrity |
| Flaccid paralysis is a sign of an injury to.... | Peripheral (lower) motor neurons |
| Examples of postural muscles in the body include iliopsoas, erector spinae, tensor fascia latae, and | Adductor Longus |
| Which phrase best describes a tender point | Local spasm indicating a sensitized muscle spindle |
| Which statement best summarizes the therapeutic implications of the mechanical properties of fascia | Moderate and sustained pressure helps achieve significant myofascial release |
| What happens to the neuron when threshold stimulus is applied | The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium |
| What are some of the factors that appear to contribute to fibromyalgia | HPA axis dysfunction, Lack of stage IV sleep, Central Sensitization |
| This symptom is common to most forms of anxiety disorders | Illogical fears with sympathetic nervous system responses |
| In the body's tensegrity system, which components exert the tension that keeps the system together | Muscle & Tendons |
| What cellular component is considered the "second messenger" that stimulates the target cell response to a hormone | cAMP |
| The four largest horizontal planes of fascia in the body are the thoracic inlet, pubic floor and | Cranial Base & Diaphragm |
| The process of coordinating and rotating the work between different motor units in the postural muscles is called | Motor Unit Recruitment |
| Which hormone helps us convert incoming fuel into muscular work | Triiodothyromine & Thyroxine |
| Which of the following is an accurate description of a motor unit | 1 motor neuron & Multiple Muscle Fibers |
| The endocrine glands located in the head are the | Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Pineal |
| What fascial layer surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber | Endomysium |
| What is another term for social phobia | Social Anxiety Disorder |
| What type of neuron is the second neuron in a three-neuron reflex arc | Integrative |
| Fascia is classified as what type of connective tissue | Disorganized Fibrous |
| All of the following glands function as endocrine glands except the | Kidneys |
| Among the interstitial mechanoreceptors, what is the estimated ratio of high threshold pressure (HTP) units to low threshold pressure (LTP) units | 50% HTP to 50% LTP |
| The anatomic and functional links between the nervous and endocrine systems are between which two organs/glands | Pituitary & Hypothalamus |
| What is the definition of threshold stimulus | Minimum amount of stimulus required to evoke a response |
| The name of the primary glucocorticoid is ----, which is secreted by the ---- | Cortisol; adrenal cortex |
| Which microscopic fiber in muscle is formed by the end-to-end arrangement of sarcomeres | Myofibril |
| The three types of epithelial membranes in the body are the cutaneous, -----&---- | Serous and Mucous |
| Which muscle attachment is generally on the bones that move during any motion | Insertion |
| Fibromyalgia is identified by | Sensitivity amplification, fatigue, mental fogginess |
| Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles as well as the hair root plexus of skin are all examples of what type of cutaneous receptor | Light Tactile Receptor |
| What type of gland secretes a milky, slightly viscous fluid that contains pheromones' | Apocrine |
| What is the anatomic name for a skeletal muscle cell | Myofiber |
| Which neuroglial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system | Oligodendrocytes |
| Which type of accessory gland plays the larger role in regulation of temperature, pH, and fluid balance | Eccrine |
| The physiologic principle that explains how a muscle contrast | Sliding Filament Mechanism |
| What is the name of the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity | Parietal Pleura |
| The alarm response refers to what part of the body's stress response | ANS stimulation of the fight or flight response |
| What connective element of the skeletal muscle is described as the tenoperiosteal junction | The fibrous connective tissue between the periosteum & Tendon |
| What is the anatomic name for abroad sheet of connective tissue that serves as the attachment point for several muscles in the torso or thigh | Aponeurosis |
| What type of skeletal muscle fiber is characterized as a red or slow-twitch receptor | Type 1 fiber (Slow Stitch) |
| The olfactory and gustatory receptors are both examples of what type of receptor | Chemoreceptors |
| Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor pathways | Integrative |
| Although most skeletal muscle generally has a 50-50 mix of fiber types, postural muscles tend to have a higher ratio of which type of fiber | Type 1 |
| What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid | Shock absorption, nutrition, physical barrier between pathogens in blood & CNS organs |
| Which portion or organ in the nervous system exerts the most control over endocrine system function | Hypothalamus |
| Which of the following are receptors for vision | rods and cones |
| What is the name fo the highly sensitive area on the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction between the muscle and motor neuron | Motor End Plate |
| The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium of the skeletal muscle collectively form which of the four fascial tubes in the body | Axial |
| What types of muscle contraction increases muscle tension, but does not result movement | Isometric |
| Which layer of skin contains the blood vessels and sensory receptors | Dermis |
| Tension of the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle is regulated by which reflex loop | gamma |
| What neuronal loop serves as the normal route for stimulating a skeletal muscle contraction | Alpha |
| Hormone secretions from which gland are responsible for the regulation of our circadian rhythm | Pineal Gland |
| Which category of sensory receptor has only one type of receptor, all located in the same place | Photoreceptors |
| What is the pathophysiology behind trigger point development | Calcium leak that causes actin & myosin bonding |
| The adrenals are stimulated to release aldosterone by several factors, including elevated levels of potassium and decreased levels of sodium, blood volume or.. | Blood Pressure |
| The constant production of keratinocytes occurs in the deepest layer of the epidermis, or the stratum | Germinatum |
| The T-12 spinal is positioned between which vertebrae | T12 and L1 |
| what is the term for the small gap between Schawnn cells in the myelin sheath of axons | Nodes of Ranvier |
| What is the importance of doing "closed chains" exercises when rehabilitating a musculoskeletal injury | Cerebellum receives more sensory information to help reestablish efficient muscle recruitment |
| Which of these statements about motor unit is most accurate | Each muscle fascicle contains multiple motor units |
| A skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is made up of smaller fibers called | Myofibrils |
| Nervous system functions can be summarized as sensory, ----&---- | Integrative & Motor |
| The dermis is attached to the epidermis via multiple fingerlike projections called | Dermal Papillae |
| What layer of skin is also considered to be the superficial fascia of the body | Subcutaneous |
| The gluteal, sciatic, and posterior femoral nerves are all major branches of which plexus | Sacral |
| What does the ACTH abbreviation stand for | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
| What are the therapeutic implications of fascial plasticity and the direct link between myofascial receptors and the autonomic nervous system | All forms of manual therapy should be considered as primary modalities for relief of chronic pain |
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JML19
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