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cnit 242 exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what benefits does snapshotting provide? | - provides copy of last working setup including memory settings, and virtual disk state - taken when unknown steps are to be taken that could really fuck up a system |
| drawbacks of snapshots | - cannot be restored partially - all or nothing - can take up considerable disk space - reverting destroys all changes made after the time of the snapshot |
| what is VMware vSphere? | suite of software and services - Hypervisor (ESX, ESXi) - vCenter Server - vMotion and Storage vMotion - VMware DRS - VMware HA and FT |
| vCenter vs vClient? | vClient individual servers (each ESXi) used to manage servers directly and their VMs vCenter used to mange many ESX/ESXi servers and any of their VMs essentially a separate VM and appliance that runs in the background and hosts the other servers |
| vClient | Access/manage ESXi. Provides access to storage config, timekeeping, and users/groups. |
| vCenter | Server management software that allows a user to manage VMware vSphere environments. |
| vSphere | A suite of products that makes up VMware server virtualization, including ESXi. |
| vMotion | The process of moving a live VM from one server to another. |
| bare-metal virtualization | - virtualization layer installed directly on the hardware (no separate OS is necessary though there may be a small console for management during install) - more efficient than hosted architectures |
| host-based virtualization | - layer installed on an existing OS as an application (other programs can run along side the virtualization software) - ex: workstation virtualization - offer best support for host hardware (sound cards, USB ports, etc.) |
| what is RAID? | Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks -used to create a single logical disk from many physical disks used to implement increased performance, fault tolerance, or both -could be through hardware of software |
| what is hardware RAID? | - managed by attachment controller -- looks like a single drive to computer -- operations done in hardware through XOR engine, does not use processor clock cycles or memory - creates a single pt of failure - if controller fails, entire array is down |
| what is software RAID? | - done by OS -- can limit what types are available -- uses processor clock cycles and memory -- physical drives partitioned into RAID partitions - then combined into single logical block device |
| RAID 0 | - stripping - data distributed across many disks --increased performance, no redundancy (one fails and all data is lost) |
| RAID 1 | - mirroring - data is duplicated across many disks -- no increased performance, fault tolerant (if a drive fails, the copy can be failed) |
| RAID 5 | - stripped with parity - data is striped across many disks --increased performance, some redundancy |
| RAID 10 or 1+0 | - stripes data across many disks, which are then mirrored -- increased performance, fault tolerant |
| FMSO Roles | forest-wide -Schema Master -Domain Naming Master domain-wide -PDC Emulator -RID Master -Infrastructure Master |
| what is the Schema Master? | - DC that allows you to make changes to schema (definitions of things in the database) -can be offline without serious consequences |
| what is the Domain Naming Master? | - DC responsible for namespace (on the DC where the global catalog server is) - required when a new domain is created, added, or removed from the AD environment -can be offline without an serious issues |
| what is the PDC Emulator? | - used for backwards compatibility with Windows NT DCs and for propagating password changes across all DCs - acts as a root time server for domain, all GPO changes are made to PDC and then replicated to other DCs - availability is critical |
| What is the RID Master? | - makes sure SIDs are unique within the domain - SIDs are the same until the last 32 bits - RID master makes sure each object has a unique last 32 -can be offline for a short while, only issues if domain runs out of RID numbers |
| what is the Infrastructure Master? | - maintains references to objects located in another domain (phantom objects) - updates other domains about local changes - can be offline for some time but not updates will go to other domains |
| how/when is a role transferred? | - used when both source & destination servers are available - connect to the DC that will assume the role, access operations master, click change - can use ntdsutil but GUI is preferred |
| how/when is a role seized? | - used when source server is unavailable - once role is seized, the original server should NEVER be brought back online - ntdsutil.exe |
| what is a single-master database? | - used when functions are very critical -- rather than attempting to resolve conflicts, eliminate them |
| what is a multi-master database? | - changes can be made on any DC and then replicated (permissions, GPOs, users, etc.) - conflicts can arise when changes are made on multiple DCs (usually last writer wins) |
| what is a site? | -- represent physical structure of network -- a collection of well-connected AD subnets -- used for DC replication |
| what is a domain? | -- collection of objects that share same database -- represents logical org structure with Joe, if one user was created in central AD database and both computers were connected, then changes to this use by admin (password) would reflect on both machines |
| what is a subnet? | -- logical representation of IP subnets in the environment -- used to determine relative location of an item in the directory ex: which server should a client authenticate against |
| what is primary storage? | RAM, ROM |
| what is secondary storage? | Block devices (physical), file containers(logical) |
| what are partitions? | - collection of consecutive sectors in a volume (also volumes) - each holds one file system, no dynamic way to combine/re-size file systems on physical partitions |
| what is the purpose of partitions? | - some file systems have a max size smaller than hard disks - many laptops use a specific partition to store memory contents when in sleep - UNIX has separate partitions for different directories to minimize impact of FS corruption - diff OSs |
| what is the basic disk structure? | - numbered starting with 0 (or maybe 1) - tracks (each line on a platter), sectors (section of bits on a track (start with 1), |
| what is different between a volume and a partition? | - volumes made up of partitions |
| what are volumes used for? | - collection of addressable sectors that an OS or app uses for storage - can result from assembling and merging smaller volumes |
| what is a basic volume? | - include primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives |
| what is a dynamic volume? 1: simple 2: spanned 3: striped 4: mirrored 5. RAID-5 | 1. uses free space from 1 disk 2. sequentially uses free space across disks 3. uses free space found throughout multiple disks (RAID 0) 4. uses free space on 1 disk, then duplicated to 2nd (RAID 1) 5. uses free space on 3+ disks, 1 for parity for FT |
| which, basic or dynamic, is required vs optional? | |
| what is a block device? | -moves data in blocks or groups of bytes instead of characters -ones that need to be formatted before they can store data (magnetic hard disks, SSD, optic drives (CD, DVD), RAID arrays, SANs-fiber channel, iSCSI, AON) |
| what is a solid state drive? | - type of drive with no moving part -- more efficient, no noise, emit little heat, and require little power - do require constant power for data persistence, many use NAND-based flash memory - slower than RAM based SSDs - $$$ |
| what is a hard disk drive? | - hard disk drive - has one or more platters and a spindle |
| SSD vs hard disk | HHD -louder, less expensive, available in bigger sizes SSD -lighter, more durable, faster -- much more expensive -less energy -r/w functions not improved |
| what is VFMS? | -virtual machine file system -clustered file system used in vSphere -stores VM disk images + snapshots |
| what is NTFS? | -used for hard drives -new technology file system - used in Microsoft OS that provides security (uses DAC) |
| what is fat32 (and other versions) | -used for removable media -file allocation table -uses 32 bits to address and index clusters -commonly used with USB flash-drives and windows prior to XP |
| what is journaling? | - logs intended changes to a journal before they're made - if system crashes during change, journal can re-play the changes -- reduces likelihood of corruption and adds stability to FS |
| which block device types are used in servers and workstations? | - HDD, SSD, optical drives, RAID arrays, SAN |
| what is a fiber channel? | - a server-to-storage system connection that uses fiber-optic connectors (used for SAN) |
| what is iSCSI? | -SCSI command protocol over TCP/IP -internet small computer systems interface -requires port 3260 |
| fiber channel vs iSCSI | |
| what is an iSCSI initiator? | -originates a session to a storage device (computing host) |
| what is an iSCSI target? | -storage device to which an initiator connects -one target can be accessed by multiple initiators |
| what is SAN? | -block level storage accessible over a network, has dedicated hardware to connect -only machines with interfaces can connect to SAN - must be physicals -appears as blank drive until formatted -uses iSCSI, fiber channel |
| what is NAS? | -file level storage over network -comes partitioned/platformed - appears as a share or export to clients -no dedicated hardware needed, Ethernet transports of choice-may have head device -common SMB/CIFS, NFS |
| why create backup plans? | -what media to use, type of backup, safe off-site location, media rotation, scheduling, who will perform it, periodic testing |
| what is a full backup? | -backs up all files every time, disregarding archive bit setting -ensures everything is backed up -time consuming and takes up a lot of media |
| what is a selective backup? | -differential and incremental |
| what is a differential backup? | -backs up all files that have been changed/added since last full backup -uses more media than incremental but easier to restore -only the latest media set required |
| what is an incremental backup? | -backs up files that have changed or been added since last backup of any kind -uses least media -most difficult to restore from - requires a full backup from full backup and all subsequent incremental backups |
| what is a custom backup? | -enables backups to be configured differently for each volume (file-by-file) |
| how are backups used/restored? | -when a failure occurs, a data restore is necessary -starts with last full backup -if incr used, must restore all incr since last full -if diff uses, must restore most recent diff with combo, full - most recent diff, each incr since diff |
| what hardware is used for backups? | invid drives-only support 1 media instance - must swap if space exceeded -time, labor, and money intensive |
| in backups, what are magnetic tapes? | -most common, relatively inexpensive -slower r/w transfer rates -sequential rather than random -80-90% of full restore success -must clean heads on tape drives regularly |
| in backups, what are magnetic disks? | -faster due to random access -more reliable than tape, more expensive though -can be locally attached or networked-net less maintenance and overhead -becoming the most commonly used back up media |
| in backups, what is optical storage? | -may be faster than tape but slower than disk-random access -fewer libraries available -more often used for archival purposes |
| what are the different media rotation methods? | -media required for single backup up is the media set -rotated so no single set is always used (prevents failure and extends media lifetime) |
| what is a centralized backup? | -allows multiple servers and workstations to use single backup server-1 admin for all -less likely to crash resource servers -issues: bandwidth and time, backup cycle can ease or complicate this -may operate through software, could be simple script |
| what is an individual backup? | -requires backup drive in each server -fastest for individual server -potential stability issues -if subsystem fails, entire server could go down (re-build server to get backup) -no extra load on network, more assurance that key files backed up |
| advice for backups? | -best done in least-active hours, data is valuable |
| media rotation methods expanded: simple | -Weekly full backup followed by daily incrementals • 1 media set for each day • Every week, media is overwritten starting with the oldest |
| media rotation methods expanded: Grandfather, Father, Son (GFS) | -Differential backups daily (the son) followed by one Full backup each week (the father) The last weekly Full backup is “promoted” to the monthly backup (the grandfather) - permanent and stored offsite |
Created by:
hallerobin
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