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IB ESS Term 5
Topic 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the energy source that drives the hydrological cycle | Solar Radiation |
| Recall the small fraction of the Earth's water storages that are Fresh Water. | Approximately 2.6% of volume |
| Identify Storages of the hydrological cycle | Storages include organisms, soil and various water bodies (including oceans, groundwater [aquifers], lakes, rivers, atmosphere, glaciers and ice caps |
| Identify Flows of the hydrological cycle | Flows include evapotranspiration, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, advection (wind-blown movement), precipitation, melting, freezing, flooding, surface runoff, infiltration, percolation and stream-flow or currents |
| Identify examples of human activities that have a significant impact on surface runoff and infiltration | Activities including agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation. Often these will reduce infiltration and increase surface runoff |
| Name the forces that drive ocean circulation | Ocean circulation systems are driven by differences in temperature and salinity. The resulting differences in water density drive the ocean conveyor belt, which distributes heat around the world, and thus affects climate. |
| How equitable is freshwater supply worldwide | Access to an adequate freshwater supply varies widely. It is inequitably available and unevenly distributed |
| How is climate change affecting freshwater supply | Climate change may disrupt rainfall patterns (more extreme weather events, droughts) and further affect freshwater access |
| What issues are impacting freshwater supplies | Freshwater supplies may become limited through contamination (e.g. disease - cholera, E.coli) and unsustainable abstraction (e.g. industrial and agricultural use over domestic consumption). |
| Recall methods of enhancing fresh water availability | reservoirs, redistribution, desalination, artificial recharge of aquifers and rainwater harvesting schemes as well as water conservation (including grey-water recycling) |
| Why is water conservation difficult | Water conservation often requires a change in attitude by the water consumers. |
| Evaluate the use of reservoirs to enhance water availability | Captures and stores runoff e.g. dams and releases the runoff as needed, can be used for flood control, can supply irrigation water. Disadvantages - still needs surface runoff to be available to fill the reservoirs. Can leak into surrounding soil. |
| Distinguish between Water Stress and Water Scarcity | “Water scarcity” refers to the volumetric abundance, or lack thereof, of water supply. “Water stress” refers to the ability, or lack thereof, to meet human and ecological demands for water. |
| Evaluate the use of desalination to enhance water availability | By removing salt from seawater there is an endless supply of available water. However, it is very expensive, kills living organisms in the water, creates a briny wastewater and is energy intensive |
| Provide some examples of potential conflict based on fresh water availability | The Nile River, Murray Darling River in Australia, the Aral Sea, the Ganges River basin, |
| Name examples of climate drivers influenced by the ocean circulation | The ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole, Madden-Julian Oscillation |
| Describe the ENSO | During an El Niño event, the trade winds decrease, as well as the surface currents. Rather than pooling in the western Pacific, warm water covers much of the ocean surface in the tropics, resulting in weather extremes in Australia. |
| Explain how global ocean currents move | Differences in salinity and temperature cause differences in water density. This results in colder, more saline water, sinking and warmer water rising, resulting in the movement of water. |
| What is meant by "the oceanic conveyor belt" | Ocean currents are the movement of water vertically and horizontally. The thermohaline circulation has an important role in the circulation water in the ocean. |
| List the three main causes of an increase in fresh water demand | Increased population, increased agriculture/irrigation, increased industrialization |
| Explain the trend in demand for aquatic food resources | The demand is increasing as human population grows and diets change. |
| Describe the primary producers associated with aquatic food webs. | Photosynthesis by phytoplankton supports a highly diverse range of food webs. |
| Describe the term Aquaculture | Aquatic (freshwater and marine) flora and fauna harvested by humans. Including shrimp, seaweed, fish, molluscs. |
| Explain why harvesting of some aquatic species can be controversial using an example. | Endangered animals such as seals and whales can be controversial. Ethical issues arise over biorights, rights of indigenous cultures and international conservation legislation often conflict. |
| Describe some of the factors impacting the world fish stocks. | Developments in fishing equipment (e.g. sonar location) and changes to fishing methods (dredging, blast fishing, gill nets and trawling rather than pole-caught) have led to dwindling fish stocks and damage to habitats. |
| Explain why the development of aquaculture has been beneficial | Aquaculture has grown to provide additional food resources and support economic development and is expected to continue to rise. |
| Describe some of the disadvantages of aquaculture | loss of habitats, pollution (with feed, antifouling agents, antibiotics and other medicines added to fish pens), spread of diseases and escaped species (some involving genetically modified organisms). |
| Explain some of the ways that unsustainable exploitation of aquatic systems can be mitigated | international agreements, policy and legislation, national policy including protected zones, and capture quotas, local and individual through policy, restrictions on fishing gear used and changes in consumer behaviour |
| Describe the Tragedy of the Commons in terms of International Fish Stocks | Greater than 200km from the coast of a continent becomes international waters. In this space it is difficult to monitor and control the fishing behaviour of individual fishing fleets. Fishing is greater than the maximum sustainable yield. |
| Identify why shallow seas and coastlines are important for fish | The highest rates of productivity are found near coastlines or in shallow seas, where upwellings and nutrient enrichment of surface waters occurs. |
Created by:
DrLeeAGS
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