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PHARMACOLOGY
Drug Class MOA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ACE INHIBITORS | Block conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2. Causing vasodilation & peripheral vascular resistance without decreasing cardiac output, rate, or contractility |
| ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs) | Blocks the binding of angiotensin II at the receptor site. Prevents vasoconstriction & aldosterone secreting effect usually caused by angiotensin II. |
| BETA-BLOCKERS | Prevent sympathetic stimulation of the heart, decreasing HR and contractility. Decreases myocardial irritability, depresses automaticity of SA node, decreased speed of AV & AV conduction. |
| CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | Decreases the force of myocardial contraction, conductivity, decreasing HR and peripheral vascular resistance, producing relaxation of coronary and vascular smooth muscle. |
| ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS | Dilates peripheral blood vessels, lowers peripheral resistance, decreases BP |
| ALPHA-2 ANTAGONISTS | Central-acting anti-hypertensives causing decreased amounts of norepinephrine to be released. Decreasing sympathetic activity |
| CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES | Improves contractility and cardiac output. Slows AV conduction rate, decreases HR and improves cardiac output. Also have antiarrhythmic effects |
| NITRATES | Prevents / Relieves Pain in patients with angina. Decreases BP, decreases preload, afterload, and myocardial O2 demand. |
| LOOP DIURETICS | Inhibit reabsorption of Na, Cl, K+ and water in the loop of Henle. |
| THIAZIDE DIURETICS | Inhibit the reabsorption of Na, Cl, K+ and water in the proximal and distal renal tubules |
| POTASSIUM SPARRING DIURETICS | Contains aldosterone at the receptor sites in the distal tubule. Excretes sodium, chloride, and water, but NOT POTASSIUM |
| OSMOTIC DIURETICS | Increases the density of the filtrate in the glomerulus preventing selective resorptive of water. Use in the treatment of acute oliguric renal failure, edema, ICP, IOP, GI irrigate during transurethral procedures |
| HMG-CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS | Prevents cholesterol production in the liver. Used in Hyperlipidemia. Prevention of CV events, post MI, diabetes |
| BILSE ACID RESINS | Used as adjuncts with statins. Do not allow bile-acid to be reabsorbed in the intestines |
| ANTIPLATELETS | Used in ischemic strokes, TIA, Angina, Coronary Stenting, Acute MI, and to prevent MI in those who have a history |
| ANTICOAGULANTS | Inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, preventing thrombus formation. |
| THROMBOLYTICS | Breaks up clots that are already present |
| BETA-2 AGONIST - BRONCHODILATORS | Rescue inhaler, used for acute severe asthma attacks |
| ANTICHOLINERGIC - BRONCHODILATORS | Used for asthma, COPD, longer acting than albuterol, but given with albuterol |
| LEUKOTRIENE INHIBITORS | Long-term management of inflammation, preventing asthma attacks. |
| MUCOLYTICS | Used to prevent or relieve a cough |
| EXPECTORANTS | Promotes the secretion of sputum by the air passages in patients with coughs |
| ANTITUSSIVES | Thins the mucus to allow the cough to be more productive |
| DIRECT-ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT | Acts directly on skeletal muscle, relieving spasms by suppressing the release of calcium. Treats spasticity in MS, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, and malignant hyperthermia |
| CENTRAL-ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT | Activity primarily takes place in the brain stem. Used in the relief of muscle spasm and pain. |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT | Relieves muscle spasms by suppressing hyperactive reflexes in the regulation of muscle movements |
| URIC ACID INHIBITORS | Used to prevent and treat gout attacks |
| HYPOCALCEMIA AGENTS | Inhibits bone reabsorption by reducing osteoclast activity, increasing bone health and making bones stronger in osteoporosis |
| BONE REABSORPTION INHIBITORS - BISPHOSPHONATES | Inhibit normal and abnormal bone reabsorption. Increasing bone mineral density, reversing progression of osteoporosis. |
| ANTIDIBAETIC - BIGUANIDES | Decreases glucose production from the liver, reduces glucose absorption in the gut. |
| ANTIDIABETIC - SULFONYLUREAS | Promotes insulin secretion by the pancreas. Increases tissue response to insulin |
| RAPID INSULIN | Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog), Glulisine (Apidra) |
| INSULIN LISPRO (HUMALOG) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 15-30 minutes, PEAK 0.5-2.5 hours, DURATION 3-5 hours |
| INSULIN ASPART (NOVOLOG) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 10-20 minutes, PEAK 1-3 hours, DURATION 3-5 hours |
| INSULIN GLULISINE (APIDRA) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 10-15 minutes, PEAK1-3 hours, DURATION 3-5 hours |
| SHORT ACTING INSULIN | Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) |
| REGULAR INSULIN (HUMULIN R, NOVOLIN R) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 30-60 minutes, PEAK 1-5 hours, DURATION 6-10 hours |
| INTERMEDIATE ACTING INSULIN | NPH Insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N) |
| NPH INSULIN (HUMULIN N, NOVOLIN, N) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 60-120 minutes, PEAK 6-14 hours, DURATION 6-24 hours |
| LONG-ACTING INSULIN | Glargine (Lantus), Detemir (Levemir) |
| INSULIN GLARGINE (LANTUS) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 70 minutes, PEAK none, DURATION 18-24 hours |
| INSULIN DETEMIR (LEVEMIR) CHARACTERISTICS | ONSET 60-120 minutes, PEAK none, DURATION 12-24 hours |
| PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS | Conversion to active form within the parietal cells of the stomach and decrease stomach acid production |
| GASTRIC MUCOSAL PROTECTANTS | Protectant of the GI tract. Often used in the treatment, or prevention of ulcers |
| SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | Blocks type 3 serotonin receptors on afferent vagal nerve, to treat vomiting, nausea, morning sickness, viral gastritis, or nausea from chemotherapy |
| ANTIEMETICS - DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS - PHENOTHIAZINES | Block dopamine 2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in surgery, cancer, chemotherapy, and toxins to decrease nausea & delay gastric emptying |
| HISTAMINE 2 ANTAGONISTS | Decreases Acid Production. Used in gastric and duodenal ulcers, GERD, aspiration pneumonia |
| ANTACIDS | Neutralizes stomach acid |
| ANTIDIARRHEALS | Given for active diarrhea, often in IBD, Crohn's, Ulcerative Colitis |
| SURFACTANT LAXATIVES | Lowers surface tension, facilitating penetration of fluid into feces |
| STIMULANT LAXATIVES | Stimulate intestinal motility, increasing the amount of water and electrolytes in the intestinal lumen |
| OSMOTIC LAXATIVES | Draws water into the intestinal lumen. Often used to empty the bowel in preparation for diagnostic and surgical procedures |
| BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES | Swell in H20 to form a viscous solution, softening fecal mass and increasing its bulk. |
| ANTICHOLINERGICS | Overactive bladder, nocturia. Dries up the body |
| MUSCARINIC AGONISTS | Relieves urinary retention by activating receptors in the urinary tract |
| MIOTICS | Constricts pupils |
| MYDRIATICS | Dilates pupils |
| ANTICONVULSANTS | Used for management of seizures and/or dipolar disorders |
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