Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Peds Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Birth weight _______ by 6 months and _______ by 1 year. | Doubles; triples |
| Head circumference increases _____% by 12 months. | 33% |
| Anterior fontanel closes ______. | 12-18 months |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones at 1 month? | Can turn head side to side, cries to show displeasure, etc. |
| Posterior fontanel closes ______. | 6-8 weeks |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones at 3 months? | Interested in surroundings, stops crying when see parents, locate sound, talk in baby talk, decreased level of crying |
| At what age can an infant sit steadily supported? | 8 months |
| What is the Erikson stage of infants? | Trust vs Mistrust |
| What should the diet of an infant look like? | Breastmilk only for the first 6 months, or commercial iron fortified formula; Vitamin D supplements daily; no whole milk for the first 12 months; 6-12 months, breastmilk with foods introduced |
| How long should you listen to the heart rate of an infant? | 1 full minute |
| What does FLACC stand for? | Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability |
| What are things to consider for the safety of an infant? | SAFE (suffocation, asphyxia, falls, electrical burns) |
| What are some modifiable risk factors of SIDS? | Maternal smoking, co-sleeping, prone sleeping, soft bedding, pacifier |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones at 15 month? | Walking without help, 4-6 words, imitates parents, temper tantrums, etc. |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones 18 months? | Running (with risk of falling), temper tantrums more common, 10 or more words, etc. |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones 24 months? | Can walk up and down stairs, run well, kick ball, 10-300 words spoken, may start toilet training, etc. |
| What is the Erikson stage of toddlers? | Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt |
| What are important nutrition considerations for toddlers? | Whole milk important for bone and brain development, encourage fruits, veggies, and meat high in iron, can be picky eaters, ritualism is important to them, etc. |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones at 3 years? | Can speak up to 900 words, can dress/feed themselves, desire to please parents, aware of family relationships, etc. |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones at 4 years? | Birth length has doubled, can speak up 1500 words, name colors, ask lots of questions, teach dos and don'ts at this age, etc. |
| At what age go children begin to assert right or left hand dominance? | 5 years |
| What is the Erikson stage of preschoolers? | Initiative vs Guilt |
| What are important nutrition considerations for preschoolers? | Daily caloric intake should be approximately 1200-1400 calories, intake depends on age, gender, activity level, and state of health, the child is progressing on their own individual growth curve, limit sugar, etc. |
| Rather than asking "yes or no" questions to preschoolers, it is best to give them ____ to have a level of independence. | Options (ex. Would you like to take your medicine with apple juice or orange juice?) |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones for school-age children? | Begin to develop a concept of time, peers become important, family has meaning, provide self-care, help with chores, begin to lose teeth, immune system becomes stronger, occasional enuresis, etc. |
| What is the first sign of puberty in boys? | Testicular enlargement |
| What is the first sign of puberty in girls? | Menstruation (menarche) |
| What is the Erikson stage of school-age children? | Industry vs Inferiority |
| What are some of the key developmental milestones for adolescents? | Group identity is important, quest for personal identity is ongoing, can resist parental control, time of very rapid growth, etc. |
| What is the Erikson stage of adolescents? | Identity vs Role Confusion |
| What is palliative care? | Explores the "what ifs" with family members and optimizes quality of life, provides family and child with needs, not prognosis, chronic conditions, pain focus |
| What is hospice? | Prepares the family and the child for death, end of life care, pain management |
| What health conditions are those with Down Syndrome at risk for? | Congenital heart malformations and leukemia |
| What are important considerations for children with Autism? | It is chronic, diagnosis is made by the toddler years, ranges from mild to severe on a spectrum, parents should be encouraged to "room in" with child, introduce to new situations slowly, keep as much of a routine as possible |
| True or false: The nurse should acknowledge to the child that they can keep their reported abuse a secret and will promise not to tell higher authorities. | False |
| What is the nurses responsibility after he/she reports child abuse to higher authorities? | Ensure the immediate safety of the child |
| What are some nursing care considerations for children in respiratory distress? | Utilize moisturized air/steam, encourage fluids and rest, emphasize hand washing, no sharing food or drinks, etc. |
| What are some post-op considerations for a child after a tonsillectomy? | Sit upright, avoid suctioning, assess for frequent clearing of throat or swallowing, avoid sneezing/coughing/blowing nose, avoid red foods/drinks, diet includes soft foods and liquids, Tylenol, etc. |
| What are some nursing care considerations for a child with otitis media? | Antibiotics and supportive care, Tympanoplasty tube placement for recurrent illness, clean ear if drainage present, have the child lay on the effected side, etc. |
| What are some prevention measures parents can take in their children to avoid otitis media? | Strictly breastfeed until 6 months, upright feedings, routine pneumococcal vaccines, etc. |
| What is a serious inflammation of the throat that is considered a medical emergency? | Epiglottitis - may go to bed asymptomatic and awake with a sore throat and trouble swallowing, may drool and have a protruding tongue |
| What are some nursing care considerations for epiglottitis? | Intubation may be necessary, antibiotics, act quick but remain calm, droplet isolation for at least 24 hours, etc. |
| What are some nursing care considerations for croup? | Cold mist for room, hot shower steam, etc. |
| What are some nursing care considerations for RSV? | Heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC), suctioning, IV fluids, NG fluids if unable to tolerate oral or IV, hand washing is vital, contact and standard isolation precautions, etc. |
| What is the only medication available in the US to prevent RSV? | Synagis; indicated for preterm infants and infants with heart conditions |
| Common symptoms of RSV include: | Rhinorrhea, fever, cough, wheezing, apnea |
| Manifestations of asthma include: | dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, etc. |
| Persistence and severity of asthma is influenced by: | Allergies and other allergens - important to remove from triggering environment to decrease number of asthmatic episodes |
| What is one of the most significant contributors to developing and triggering asthma? | Tobacco smoke |
| What are some nursing care considerations for asthma? | Beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen; continuous cardiorespiratory and pulse ox management, etc. |
| What are the pulmonary system effects of cystic fibrosis? | Mucus blocks airways, dyspnea, cyanosis, clubbed fingers and toes, etc. |
| What are the GI system effects of cystic fibrosis? | Mucus blocks pancreatic and bile ducts, steatorrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, etc. |
| What are some nursing care considerations for cystic fibrosis? | Position child to allow maximum lung expansion, monitor cardiac and respiratory status, manage child anxiety, etc. |
| Beta Blockers | "-lol", decreases HR and BP, side effects include dizziness, headache, hypotension |
| ACE Inhibitors | "-pril", decreases BP, side effects include hypotension, cough, renal dysfunction |
| Furosemide (Lasix) | Diuretic, severe HF, observe for dehydration, monitor output!!, side effects include N/V, diarrhea, ototoxicity, hypotension, etc., INCREASE potassium intake |
| Spironolactone (Aldactone) | Weak diuretic, slow onset, side effects include rash, drowsiness, ataxia, hyperkalemia, etc., NO potassium |
| Digoxin (Lanoxin) | Improves contractility/cardiac function, monitor child with ECG, narrow therapeutic window --> watch for toxicity!, rapid onset |
| What should the nurse monitor before administering Digoxin to a child? | Heart rate |
| What are the most common signs of Digoxin toxicity? | Nausea and vomiting (infants <6 mo may convey by crying, not eating, spit out food, etc.) --> get labs to confirm! |
| What is the therapeutic management for an atrial septal defect? | If spontaneous closure does not occur and the defect is of moderate-to-large size, surgery will occur |
| What is it called in a ventricular septal defect with the septum is completely gone? | Common ventricle |
| What is the palliative approach to a ventricular septal defect? | Meds, oxygen, comfort care, postponing of repair |
| What occurs with patent ductus arteriosus? | Blood flows in the wrong direction, murmur is machine-like |
| What are the four heart defects in tetralogy of fallot? | Ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
| What are some nursing care considerations with tetralogy of fallot? | Cluster care as much as possible, calm infant asap during tet spells, O2 during feeding/crying |
| What is a Tet spell? | Acute episode of cyanosis and hypoxia, symptoms include blue lips and fingertips |
| What is the therapeutic management of a Transposition of Great Arteries or Vessels (TOGA/TOGV)? | Arterial switch operation to reestablish normal circulation as well as medications to support, similar to trying to fix an interstate that was built backward |
| What are some good nutrition considerations for infants with heart defects? | 3-hour feeding schedule works well to get adequate calories and allow for rest time, give generally 30 minutes to eat, calorie-dense formulas, etc. |
| What should the nurse encourage a child to do after a cardiac catheterization? | Increase fluids and urinate to eliminate contrast |
| It is more common for ______ infants to have more elimination, while ______ infants have less due to increased absorption of nutrients. | Formula-fed; breastfed |
| What is the area called that should be palpated for appendicitis? | McBurney Point |
| True or false: IBD has no cure. | True |
| Manifestations of Crohn's disease include: | Diarrhea, pain, growth retardation, anorexia, weight loss, anal and perineal lesions, fistulas and strictures, rashes, joint pain |
| Manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis include: | Rectal bleeding, severe diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, joint pain, rashes |
| What is the most common manifestation of pyloric stenosis? | Projectile vomiting |
| What are the 8 most common food allergens? | Milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans |
| What are the common characteristics of Celiac disease? | Steatorrhea, malnutrition, abdominal distention, vitamin deficiencies |
| Besides gluten-free, Celiac patients should also be temporarily _____-free and avoid high-_____ foods. | Lactose; fiber |
| What are the classic symptoms of intussusception? | Crampy abdominal pain, screaming in pain, knees to chest, etc. |
| What are some nursing care considerations for intussusception? | Gas enema and surgery if unsuccessful |
| What are some therapeutic management considerations for GERD? | Thickening feeds, supine sleeping, avoidance of spicy or triggering foods, avoid vigorous play around feedings, etc. |
| What medication can help with GERD? | PPIs ("-prazole"), most effective when administered 30 min before breakfast, several days for onset |
| BUN range? | 10-20 |
| Creatinine range? | <1 |
| What are a good source of iron in iron deficiency anemia? | Green leafy vegetables |
| What are some important considerations for iron supplementation? | Administer with meals to avoid GI upset, no administration with milk, stools normally a tarry green or black color, Vitamin C facilitates absorption, liquid iron may stain teeth so take with straw or syringe to back of mouth, etc. |
| What is the therapeutic management for a sickle cell crisis? | Rest, fluids, electrolyte replacement, analgesia (Morphine or Dilaudid PCA), blood transfusion, antibiotics (Penicillin), monitoring of reticulocyte count for bone marrow function |
| What is a common manifestation of a sickle cell crisis? | Lots of pain and edema in joints |
| What medications are good for Hemophilia? | Desmopressin for mild Aminocaproic acid (Amicar) prevents clot destruction Corticosteroids for hematuria, acute hemarthrosis, & chronci synovitis |
| What medications should be avoided with Hemophilia? | Aspirin and other traditional NSAIDs due to GI bleeding risk |
| What does R.I.C.E. stand for? | Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
| Most common forms of childhood cancer: | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors |
| What are the common side effects of radiation and chemotherapy? | Nausea and vomiting, anorexia |
| What medication can reduce or prevent N/V in chemotherapy? | Zofran |
| What are some nursing care considerations for chemotherapy? | Good oral care is vital!! (CHG mouthwash), sensitive to sun, etc. |
| What is a risk factor of tumor lysis syndrome? | High WBC count at diagnosis |
| What medication helps with tumor lysis syndrome? | Allopurinol --> reduces uric acid formation and promote excretion of byproducts of purine metabolism IV fluids (with NO potassium) and diuretics also help |
| True or false: With Type 1 Diabetes, no insulin is produced at all. | True |
| What is the treatment for T1D? | Insulin injections, diet, exercise |
| True or false: With Type 2 Diabetes, only some insulin is produced. | True |
| What is the treatment for T2D? | Oral medications |
| What oral medication is ideal for T2D? | Metformin --> decreases glucose production, common side effect is diarrhea |
| What are the diagnostics for diabetes? | 8-hour fasting blood glucose (>126) Random blood glucose (>200) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) (>200) A1C (>6.5%) |
| What is the most common complication for childhood diabetes? | Hypoglycemia |
| What are some common manifestations with hypoglycemia? | Rapid, nervous, difficulty concentrating, shaky, hungry, headache, dizzy, pale/sweating, shallow respirations, tachycardic, tremors |
| What are some common manifestations with hyperglycemia? | Gradual, lethargic, confused, thirsty, weak, N/V, abdominal pain, signs of dehydration, dry/crusty mucous membranes, deep/rapid respirations, less rapid/weak pulse, fruity/acetone breath, diminished reflexes, polyuria |
| What should you do during a mild hypoglycemic episode? | Give 15g fast acting carb and recheck blood sugar in 15, may have to repeat several times If unable to swallow, give glucose gel or cake decorating gel |
| What should you do during a severe hypoglycemic episode? | Give glucagon |
| What are some important considerations to note with Glucagon? | Side effects include N/V, place patient in side lying position to prevent aspiration, check sugar every 15-30 min after admin, notify MD after given |
| What are the steps to giving insulin with meals in pediatrics? | Check sugar, allow the child to eat, calculate amount of insulin based off of what is eaten |
| What is one major way to prevent hyperglycemia? | Avoid high-stress situations, illnesses, etc. |
| Dietary ____ has become increasingly important because of digestion, absorption, and metabolism and has been found to diminish the rise in glucose after meals. | Fiber |
| What ages is iron deficiency most common? | 12-36 months |
| WBC range? | 4.5-13.5 |
| RBC range? | 4.5-5.5 |
| Hgb range? | 11.5-15.5 |
| Hct range? | 35-45% |
| ANC should be at least _____. | 1000 |
| Platelet range? | 150-400 |
| Fast-acting carbohydrate examples: | Bananas, apples, oranges, candies, glucose tablets, honey, applesauce, raisins, glucose gel/cake icing, etc. |
| What is a contusion? | A bruise |
| What is a sprain? | Wrench and twisting of ligaments Will hear a pop and then will swell, acute |
| What is a strain? | A continuous use of a muscle, chronic |
| True or false: Limping can be normal. | False |
| Where do growing pains usually occur? | Calves (NEVER joints) |
| If an infant comes in with a fracture, what is one of the first things the nurse should do? | Investigate the situation further, see if the story aligns with the injury/injuries |
| True or false: Newborns heal quicker than adults with bone fractures. | True |
| What are the six P's? | Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, pressure |
| What is scoliosis? | Sideways curvature of spine, usually involving lateral curvature and spinal rotation |
| What is kyphosis? | Forward rounding of upper back due to lateral angulation in curvature of thoracic spine |
| What is lordosis? | Lateral inward curve of cervical/lumbar spine |
| What is the earliest indicator of changes in neuro status? | Level of consciousness |
| What are the levels of consciousness in descending order? | Full consciousness, confusion (impaired decision making), disorientation (to time and place), lethargy (sluggish speech), stupor, coma, vegetative state |
| What are common manifestations of increased ICP in infants? | Irritability/poor feeding, high-pitch cry, hard to soothe, fontanels tense and bulging, cranial sutures separated, eyes have setting-sun sign, scalp veins distended |
| What are the late signs of increased ICP? | Bradycardia, decreased motor response to commands, decreased sensory response to painful stimuli, alterations in pupil size and reactivity, extension or flexion posturing, decreased consciousness, coma |
| What do you assess with LOC? | Pupillary reaction, V/S and neuro checks q2h!!, skin, eyes, motor function, posturing, reflexes |
| What are important meds for those with increased ICP? | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, sedatives, antiepileptics, amnesic anxiolytics |
| When should the nurse be concerned with a concussion? | When the individual begins vomiting |
| What are the 3 most common causes of head injuries in children? | Falls, motor vehicle accidents, bike/sport injuries |
| What is the treatment for status epilepticus? | Give O2 (do not need order, nonrebreather at 15L), watch V/S, turn to side to avoid aspiration, turn on suction and have available in room |
| What are common side effects with antiepileptic drugs? | Excessive sleepiness, changes in appetite, and worsening behavior and mood |
| When is a diagnosis for CP made? | Birth to age 3 |
| What is an early indicator for CP? | Failure to meet milestones |
| What are some medications for CP? | Anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, benzos for pain r/t spasms and seizures, Botox, Baclofen |
| What does Botox do for CP? | Relaxes muscles on the lower extremities, traumatic, lets them go 3-6 months, casting after to bring bones and joints to normal position |
| What does Baclofen do for CP? | Antispasmodic for clonus (neuro shakes), short half-life, may have pump |
| What is the number 1 cause of neural tube defects? | Low intake of folic acid or poor absorption |
| What are the most common types of neural tube defects? | Myelomeningocele and meningocele |
| At what age does a child have a social smile in response to various stimuli? | 2 months |
| What is the best theory for children's thinking? | Piaget |
| What is a diagnostic procedure for CF? | Sweat test |
| What is the most common acute viral infection in children? | RSV |
| What is it called when there is an inability for the heart to pump? | Congestive heart failure (CHF) |
| What is a common assessment that is presented by pyloric stenosis? | An olive-like mass |
| What organism is responsible for a majority of UTIs? | E. coli |
| Which IBD involves any part of the intestine? | Crohn's |
| What is the earliest sign of CF? | Meconium ileus (type of stool, an obstruction) |
| What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in children? | Down Syndrome |
| What program addresses developmental delays in children? | First Steps |
| Loss of consciousness, a weak pulse, and Cheynne respirations is a sign of what? | Death |
| What is the most common malignant renal and intraabdominal tumor of childhood that is not palpable? | Wilms tumor |
| What type of cancer involves bone marrow and the lymphatic system? | Leukemia |
| What is the compression of nerves and muscle in an enclosed space? | Compartment syndrome |
| What is a defective closure of the spine? | Spina bifida |
Created by:
scraney279
Popular Nursing sets