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Unit 3 AP HUG
Culture unit vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| culture | refers to beliefs, values, practices, behaviors and tech shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation. |
| cultural trait | attribute that is shared by a culture. ex.) Muslim women wearing a hijab in public |
| artifacts | visible objects and tech that a culture creates, such as houses and buildings, clothing, tools, toys, and land use practices |
| sociofacts | structures and organizations that influence social behavior, such as families, governments, educational systems, and religious organizations |
| mentifacts | central, enduring elements of a culture that reflect its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs. it is slowest to change. ex.) religious beliefs and language. |
| popular culture | widespread behaviors, beliefs, practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time. - tends to change quickly. ex.) among us |
| traditional culture | composed of long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation, such as languages, food, ceremonies, and customs |
| cultural norms | shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people. plays an important role in upholding traditions and keeping traditional culture from changing |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture. may include the belief that one culture is superior which leads to discrimination |
| cultural relativism | evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards. |
| cultural landscape | human imprint on the landscape and offers clues about cultural practices and priorities both past and present |
| identity | how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others |
| sequent occupance | notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint. ex.) aztecs in mexico |
| ethnicity | state of belonging to a group of people who share cultural characteristics |
| ethnic neighborhoods | cultural landscapes within communities of people outside of their area of origin. ex.) little italy |
| traditional architecture | established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places - originally influenced by the environment and is based on localized needs and construction materials. |
| post modern architecture | emerged in 1960s as a reaction to modern designs, which emphasized form, structure, and materials. ex.) skyscrapers |
| religion | system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values |
| pilgrimage | journey to a holy place for spiritual reason. ex.) muslims pilgrimage to mecca |
| gendered spaces | spaces designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles - can exist in homes, workplaces, public areas |
| gentrification | renovations and improvements conforming to middle class preferences. |
| third place | refers to communal space such as a coffee shop , fitness center, or bookstore that is separate from home |
| adherents | the people who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization |
| denominations | separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations. ex.) lutheran, methodist, baptist are denominations in the protestant branch |
| sect | relatively small group that is separated from an established denomination |
| centripetal force | force that unites a group of people. ex.) common language, common religion |
| centrifugal force | force that divides a group of people. ex.) war/violence, religion, language (traits can be a centrifugal and centripetal force) |
| cultural hearth | the place that a cultural trait originates |
| diffusion | process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time |
| relocation diffusion | spread of a cultural trait through the movement of people. ex.) europeans brought christianity to the americas |
| expansion diffusion | when an aspect of cultural spreads outward from where it originated. (there are three types of expansion diffusion) |
| contagious diffusion | when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently, or to people or places that are next to or adjoining one another. ex.)slang word spreads through school as more kids use it. |
| hierarchical diffusion | spread of an idea or trait from a person of power or authority to other places and people. ex.) when a celebrity wears something and it becomes a trend |
| stimulus diffusion | when the fundamental idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation. ex.) the new iphones that apple releases, making a better invention each time starting from the base model. |
| lingua franca | common language used among speakers of different languages =, as the conquered peoples adopt the language of the conquerer. - could also develop through more peaceful means as well. ex.) english |
| creolization | interactions between cultures that results in two or more cultural elements blending together. ex.) Haitian Creole which is a blend of french and several african languages. |
| cultural convergence | as cultures interact with each other they become more similar, sharing and adopting one another's ideas, innovations, and cultural traits. technology, time-space compression, and globalization drive this term |
| cultural divergence | conflicting beliefs or other barriers can cause two cultures to become less similar. ex.) a person moves away from their core culture and is exposed to new cultural traits. - can also happen by physical barriers |
| acculturation | where people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture. ex.) immigrants to the us adopting the most used language: english |
| assimilation | is a category of acculturation where the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other. may happen voluntarily or be forced upon. |
| syncretism | effect of diffusion that can occur through circumstances such as immigration, military conquest, marriages between groups, ect. the result is a combination of two cultures to create new ideas, values, or practices. |
| multiculturalism | when diverse cultures coexist within a shared space. people in spaces do not belong to one culture or another. they share some cultural features with others around them while still retaining some original traits. ex.)united states |
| cultural appropiation | act of adopting elements of another culture. controversial because people debate whether positive or negative |
| collectivist cultures | africa and asia are collectivist cultures. where people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of older family members. |
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26majemor
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