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Chem Unit 2
Cards for Unit 2 of Chemistry Lecture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons | ion |
| an ion formed from a single atom | monoatomic ion |
| ions that carry a positive charge | cation |
| ions that carry a negative charge | anion |
| ions built from 2 or more atoms | polyatomic ions |
| atoms gain, lose, or share valence electrons in order to end up with 8 valence electrons | octet rule |
| ammonuim | NH₄⁺ |
| hydroxide | OH⁻ |
| cyanide | CN⁻ |
| carbonate | CO₃²⁻ |
| sulfate | SO₄²⁻ |
| nitrate | NO₃⁻ |
| phosphate | PO₄³⁻ |
| bicarbonate | HCO₃⁻ |
| nickel ion | Ni²⁺ |
| zinc ion | Zn²⁺ |
| lead ion | Pb²⁺ |
| silver ion | Ag⁺ |
| manganese ion | Mn²⁺ |
| Group 1A makes ____ ions | +1 |
| Group 2A makes ____ ions | +2 |
| Group 3A makes ____ ions | +3 |
| Group 4A makes ____ ions | NO (only share electrons) |
| Group 5A makes ____ ions | -3 |
| Group 6A makes ____ ions | -2 |
| Group 7A makes ____ ions | -1 |
| Group 8A makes ____ ions | NO (already have 8 valence electrons) |
| material that only contains one kind of atom (elements) | pure substance |
| matter constructed of 2 or more chemically combined substances | compounds |
| the chemical changes that an element or compound undergo | chemical properties |
| atoms in an element or compound combine to form new compounds | chemical change |
| constructed from cations and anions (metals and nonmetals) | ionic compounds |
| ionic compounds that contain just 2 elements (contain metal cations bonded to nonmetal anions) | binary |
| opposite charges on ions create a bond that holds ionic compounds together | ionic bond |
| arrangement of an ionic compound in which cations and anions alternate | crystal lattice |
| shared pair of electrons | covalent bond |
| each pair of shared bonding electrons in represented by a line | Lewis method |
| valence electrons not involved in bonds | nonbonding electrons |
| one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms | single bond |
| atoms share 2 pairs of electrons | double bond |
| atoms share 3 pairs of electrons | triple bond |
| uncharged group of atoms connected to one another by covalent bonds | covalent compound/molecule |
| lists the number of each type of atom present in a molecule | molecular formula |
| two atoms | diatomic |
| the sum of the atomic weights of the elements in the formula | formula weight |
| the sum of the atomic weights of the elements in the molecular formula | molecular weight |
| mono | 1 |
| di | 2 |
| tri | 3 |
| tetra | 4 |
| penta | 5 |
| hexa | 6 |
| hepta | 7 |
| octa | 8 |
| nona | 9 |
| deca | 10 |
| the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons | electronegativity |
| the unequal sharing of electrons gives a bond a partially positive end and a partially negative end | polar covalent bond |
| 4 atoms positioned around a carbon atom | tetrahedral shape |
| 3 atoms positioned around a carbon atom (planar) | trigonal planar shape |
| 2 atoms positioned around a carbon atom (planar | liner shape |
| a molecule in which one side has a partial positive charge and the other side has a partial negative charge | polar molecule |
| interactions that do not involve the sharing of valence electrons | noncovalent interactions |
| the interaction of a fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen atom with a hydrogen bonded to a different nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom | hydrogen bond |
| the attraction of neighboring polar groups for one another | dipole-dipole forces |
| individual atoms, nonpolar molecules, or nonpolar parts of molecules are attracted to one another by ____. This force is the result of the continuous motion of electrons | London forces |
| an atoms, group of atoms, or bond that gives the molecule a particular set of chemical properties | functional group |
| molecules that contain only hydrogen or carbon atoms | hydrocarbons |
| hydrocarbons that contain only single bonded carbon atoms | alkane family |
| hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond | alkene family |
| hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond | alkyne family |
| hydrocarbons that have a ring of 6 carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds | aromatic hydrocarbons |
| molecules that have a nitrogen atom directly attached to one or more alkane-type or aromatic carbon atoms | amines |
| a molecule in which a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) is attached to an alkane-type carbon atom | alkyl halines |
| a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond | carbonyl |
| carbonyl carbon is attached to two other carbon atoms | ketone |
| carbonyl atom attached to one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, or two hydrogen atoms | aldehyde |
| the combination of a carbonyl and a OH group | carboxylic |
| contain a C-O-C linkage, but one of the carbon atoms belongs to a carboxyl group | esters |
| have a nitrogen atom, but one of the attached carbon atoms belongs to a carboxyl group | amides |
| have a nitrogen atom directly attached to one or more alkane-type or aromatic carbon atoms | amine |
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emmaforan25
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