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neuro exam 2- hoodin
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of the spinal cord | transmissive function:ascend & descend info*mediates simple reflexes* segmental organization:nerves exit segmentally at each vertebrae*grey matter:processing inside-white matter:outside pathway* if severed everything above sever works ok-below disconnects |
| function of the brain stem (medulla, pons, midbrain) | continuation of SC & simialar function as the SC-info ascends and descends*bridges the cerebellum and cerebrum to the spinal cord*mediates more complex reflexes (vegatative)*anacepalic born with a brainstem and below only-still some reflexive movement |
| what/where is the reticular formation | seen thruout the brain stem * diffuse netork of fibers project into the cortex * |
| what is the reticualar activating system | sensation- wakes up the brain to incoming info-unconscious* if it's novel or dangerous * (ex a lion walking into class)* the motor portion of serves as a conduit for muscle tone |
| what/where is the medulla | the lowest part of the brain-stem * the pyramids are located in here* the cerebellum connect to the brainstem at this level via peduncles |
| what/where is the pons | the middle section of the brainstem * is a bridge to the cerebellum |
| what/where is the midbrain | above the pons/top of the brainstem * houses the tectum-roof and the tegmentrum floor* houses the red necleus & substantia niagra |
| what is the tectum | the roof of the mid-brain * corpus quadrigemina= 4 swellings-colliculi: 2 inferior (serve as way station for the auditory nervoussystem)and 2 superior- (serve as way station for the visual nervous system) |
| what is tegmentrum | the floor of the midbrain * contains all the ascending and many descending systems of the spinal cord or lower brainstem |
| role of the superior colliculi | relay station for visual nervous system * mediates the visual reflex (not being able to see or not) that would cause you to duck if something were coming your way |
| role of the inferior colliculi | relay station for auditory nervous system * auditory synapses and goes to a muscle (ex. when you hear a gunshot, you jump) |
| role/location of red nucleus | located in the midbrain * has a support role to the basal ganglia * |
| what/where CNS | brain and spinal cord-cranial nerves * descending motor information going out- gets its information from the PNS* |
| what/where PNS | spinal nerves exit along the lateral edges of the spinal cord * sensory information comes in and takes it to the CNS * ascending information |
| what are cranial nerves | a series of nerves that attach to the base of the brain * exit from the brain and transmit sensory and motor information to and from the brain * control speech, language, hearing functions |
| what are spinal nerves | nerves that project from both sides of the spinal cord * innervate muscles of the neck, trunk and limbs to bring sensations from these parts to the brain to get motor information for movement |
| what/where is the cerebrum | above the brain stem * has contralateral organization * 2 cerebral hemispheres * left hemisphere is extremely imp for speech * contains the basal ganglia-thalamus-hypothalamus* |
| what/where is the thalamus | deep in the cerebral cortx-paired * sits above the hypothalamus* "gateway to consciousness"* the last leg before things become conscious events* all senses except olfactory go thru here |
| what/where is the hypothalamus | located deep in the cerebral hemisphere- just below the thalamus* connects to the pituitary gland which is involved in the endocrine system (hormonal system)* connects to the autonomic system* lots of influence on survival(feeding, flight, fight, mating) |
| what/where is the basal ganglia | MOTOE CONTROL CENTER* in the cerebrum- made up of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus palladus* plays a clearinghouse role-inhibits movements that aren't needed and facilitiates needed movements |
| what/where is the cerebellum | back of the brain* motor control center* modulates motor info* synergistic role:innervates info and sends a msg to frontal lobe to modulate or change that info* double cross organization (homolateral)* wide range of refined movements |
| what is the feed-forward system | in the cerebellum- when frontal lobe is sending info, your already doing that movement-using sensory info to guide you thru that movement* real-time movement |
| symptoms of injury to cerebellum | hypotonisity, intention tremor |
| role of the substantia nigra | located in the tegmentrum of the midbrain* manufactures dopamine and sends to the basal ganglia via pathway "striatum" |
| structures of the limbic system | hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cigualate gyrus, maxillary bodies |
| location/role of the limbic system | lies medially deep in the cerebral hemisphere* "visceral brain"- mediates smell* projects into teh hypothalamus:endocrine system* projects into the frontal lobe:where we become concious of related emotion-rage,hunger, sexual (reason for frontal labatomy) |
| what is the hippocampus | in the limbic system* has a role in long term memory* looked at as the librarian- puts things in and takes things out of memory as needed- |
| what are cerebellar peduncles | how the brainstem is attached/connection to the cerebellum-medula=inferior, pons=middle, midbrain=superior |
| what are cerebral peduncles | masses of neurons* how the brainstem is attached/connected to the cerebrum: come in at the midbrain, goes thru the pons and re-enters in the medulla and crosses over* motor fibers descending |
| what is the cerbral cortex | highest most complicated structure* the grey matter on the outside where the processing happens* cell bodies are grey matter* like bark on tree-surrounds the cerebrum* highly conveluted-fissures (divides), sulci(valley), gyri (hills) |
| what/where is the longitudinal fissure | divides the brain hemispheres left to right* hemispheres are pretty symmetrical* contralateral organization |
| where/what is the frontal lobe | forhead area of cortex* divided by central and lateral fissures* motor strip (primary motor cortex) humunculus* secondary motor cortex: broca's area* exner's area* lesions in this area can be broca's aphasia-motor program for planning speech sequences |
| what where is the striatum | in cerebrum/basal ganglia- the largest nuclues of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen) receive input from most regions of the cerebral cortex |
| what/where is the parietal lobe | back part of cortex-behind central fissure & above sylvian fissure* primary somaesthetic cortex (sensory exact opposite motor strip)* sensory humunculus* secondary somaesthetic cortex* lesion here results in a family of disorders- agnosias "not knowing" |
| what/where is the temporal lobe | under the parietal/frontal lobes-closest to the brain stem* primary auditory cortex* the secondary auditory cortex is wernikes area* |
| where/what is the occipital lobe | furthest back-under the parietal and behind the temporal* primary visual cortex* secondary visual cortices* lesions in this lobe result in visual agnosia- you can see (not blind) but you cannot figure out what things are |
| what/where is the pre-central gyri | makes up the majority of the motor-strip in the frontal lobe- |
| what/where is the humunculus | situated as a "little man" on the motor strip in the frontal lobe- inverted, contralateral, distorted and sized according to level of motor control- map of movement areas |
| what/where is the post-central gyri | makes up most of the primary sensory area in the parietal lobe- opposite tehe motor strip- sensory humunculus |
| what/where is broca's area | brocas area is located in the inferior frontal lobe- vital for the production of fluent well articulated speech- program for speech planning/sequencing-not a motor function*if there is a lesion, paralyis only for speech |
| what where is wernikes's area | located on the temporal lobe- auditory association area- important to the development and use of language* if you have a lesion (wernike's aphasia) -pure word deafess |
| what where are the pyramids | located in brainstem-two elongated swellings on the medulla. contain CORTICOSPINAL AXONS-these axons arise from the cortex and descend to terminate within the spinal cord*the place where they decusate and crossover-contralateral |
| what is the lateral spinothalamic tract | 2nd order neuron-verticle column carrying sensation up- "pain and touch" goes to the parietal lobe |
| what is the ventral spinothalamic tract | 2nd order neuron- verticle column carries the sensation "general touch" to the parietal lobe |
| what is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract | carries sensation "proprioception" to the cerebellum- does not deccusate or cross path along its way to the cerebellum |
| what is the ventral spinocerebellar tract | carries proprioception information from the body to the cerebellum- via a double-crossed path |
| what is the role & course of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord | fibers course up thru the spinal cord in a pathway-they ascend up to the medulla and synapses with nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus- decussate and synapse with lateral lemniscus and then go to the thalamus (3rd order) then to the perietal lobe |
| sensation that are carried thru the dorsal column pathway | conscious proprioception (aware of body) * form proprioception * two point discrimination (ability to discriminate the shortest distance between to points on the skin |
| what is contralateral organization | relates to the other side-what happens on one side of the brain is seen on the opposite side of the body |
| what is the arcuate fasciculus | long curved subcortical association tract that connects the speech and language areas of the brain (wernike's area and area near broca's area) |
| what is decussation | crossing over |
| what is HYPERtonia | extreme tension of the muscle |
| what is HYPOtonia | muscle flaccidity; decrease in normal muscle tone |
| what is a feedforward system | a real-time system...as your getting information for movement, your senses are already guiding you thru that movement |
| what is a feedback system | self regulating- in motor speech control- you use your vision and auditory senses to check the system |
| what is homolateral | situated on the same side of the body- also known as ipsilateral |
| what is ipsilateral | on the same side- aka homolateral |
| what is the endocrine system | an information signal system-a system of glands- each which secretes a hormone to regulate the body |
| what is the pituatary gland | part of the endocrine system/hormonal system- is situ-ated at the bottom of the hypothalamus- about the size of a pea- |
| what is a fissure | very deep valleys (sulci) in the conveluted brain- often are used as reference point to describe where parts of the brain are |
| what is sulci | little valley in the conveluted brain |
| what is gyri | little hills in the conveluted brain |
| what is the motor homunculus | "little man"- on the motor strip-inverted and contralateral- size is proportioned to the amount of movement needed for that area of the body |
| what is the sensory homunculus | situatated across from the primary motor cortex on the primary sensory cortex- a pictorial representation of the divisions on the sensory cortex- proportioned to amount of sensory info needed |
| what is the primary motor cortex | in the frontal lobe- works with other areas to plan and execute movement- sends info down spinal cord to synapse with alpha motor neuron which connects to muscle fiber |
| what is the primary sensory cortex | the main area of the brain to receive sensory information from the thalamus- situated behind the motor cortex |
| what is the secondary motor cortex | broca's area (motor planning area) and exners area is also a secondary motor area (handwriting) |
| what is the secondary sensory cortex | the area's that get handed the sensory information from the primary cortex for a more refined analysis of the incoming sensory information from the thalami |
| what is the tertiary cortex | like the 3rd cortex- after secondary analysis-more abstract-allows you to integrate sensations and reflect on them- intentions/goals |
| what are executive functions | setting goals *aspirations *self-monitoring movement* planning goals- houses in the frontal lobe-injury to the frontal lobe could affect |
| what is agnosia | loss of the ability to recognize objects, people sounds, smells...no issues with the specific senses- injury to the sensory association areas causes |
| what is aestereognosis | loss of ability to recognize things by touch-lesion to the parietal lobe |
| what are brodmann's areas | Brodmann's map of cytoarchitectonics. Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes]. |
| what are commisural fibers | fibers that connect one hemisphere to the other- biggeset one is the corpus callosum |
| what is the corpus callosum | the largest transversal commisure between the two hemispheres- most of the interhemispheric communication goes thru here |
| what is homonymous hemianopsia | type of partial blindness resulting in a loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes. |
| what is heteronymous hemianopsia | loss of vision is different in each eye |
| what is hemianopsia | is the loss of half of a field of vision/visual field cut |
| what is presbyopia | aging process deficit in vision- long sighted |
| what are cataracts | associated with age induced cloudiness of the eyeball |
| what is glaucoma | increased pressure within the eyeball |
| what is HYPOkinesia | paucity- too little movement |
| what is HYPERkinesia | abnormalties characterized by over abundance of movement |
| what is tardive dyskinesia | tardy- onset due to years of use of neuroleptic drugs- rapid movement |
| what is ataxia | clumbsy uncoordinated gate- looks to be stumbling |
| what is decomposition of movement | robotic like- movement broken down into fragments |
| what is dysdiadochokinsis | unable to produce pa-ta-ka with rate and rhythym |
| what is nystagmus | eyes dart back and forth- balance center problem |
| what is tremor at rest | tremor is apparent when limb is not activated |
| what is intention tremor | tremor when you activate a limb |
| what is chorea | over abundance of movement- BIG movement |
| what is athetosis | a wringing twisting movement |
| what is dyskinesias | abnormalty of movement |
| what is spastic paralysis | gross limitation of movement characterized by high muscle tone |
| what is paralysis | gross limitation of movement- associated with neurologic lesion |
| what is paresis | less severe paralysis- not total loss of movement |
| what is flaccid paralysis | gross limitation of movement characterized by low muscle tone |
| what is hemi-paralysis | half of the body is paralized |
| what is clonus | rhythmic type of movement- contraction and relaxing of muscles at a rapid pace |
| what is a physiological tremor | not neurological- a normal tremor you may see any one do- hard to really see- look at your hand and see "shaking" |
| what is synergia | clumsy uncoordinated and disorganized movement |
| what is asynergia | the lack of coordination- deterioration of smooth complex movements |
| What is the lower motor neuron | the "final common pathway" link between the CNS and the muscles that it moves: movement and muscle tone |
| What are symptoms of lesions to LMN | paralysis, fasiculations, hypotonia, arflexia, atrophy, flaccid paralysis, |
| What is the upper motor neuron | are motor neurons that originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem and carry motor information down to the final common pathway, that is, any motor neurons that are not directly responsible for stimulating the target muscle |
| What are symptoms of lesions to the UMN | loss of skilled movement, return to infant relexes, hyper-relexia, clonus, spaciticity, unspecified abnormal movement, spactic paralysis-high muscle tone, |
| what are the hemispheric asymmetries | left hemisphere: language, math, analytical reasoning, sequencingright hemisphere: spatial awareness, emotional/creative, global/intuitive reasoning, music, prosody |
| Lobe processing of information | information comes in first to the primary cortex for a rudamentary analysis, then the information is sent to the secondary cortices for a more refined analysis |
| blood supply to the brain | from the heart, blood comes up thru the caratid arteries and vertebral arteries which connect to form basilar artery and connects with the internal caratid to go to the circle of willis- which is at the base of the brain |
| blood supply from the circle of willis | anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries- ACA-supplies the frontal lobe; MCA provide all 4 lobes and is considerd the language artery-like damaged when stroke; PCA-supplies temporal and occiptal lobes |
| what is the meninges | connective tissue that surround the nervous system-basically holds it all together- 3 layers and space |
| what are the layers of the meninges | 1st layer-dura mater: toughest (subdural space-should be empty if stroke you often see a hemotoma here) 2nd layer: arachnoid layer-where the blood vessles are (subarachnoid space-should be cerebrospinal fluid) 3rd layer: pia mater- thin like saran wrap |
| what is the cerebrospinal fluid | serves as a bath for the brain to float in-same chemical consistency as blood- clear-constantly being manufactured in the charoid plexus then dumped into the blood stream-must dump or will build up intercranial pressure- |
| what is the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid | starts & produced in the lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemisphere-goes thru passageway foramon of monro to the 3rd ventricle- then thru the pathway cerebral aquaduct to the 4th ventricle to the pathway foramon of luska & magendi then to spinal cord |
| how does the cerebrospinal fluid get dumped | it travels around down the the central canal of the spinal cord- when it gets to lower back it goes in the subarachnoid space thru arachnoid granulation (a one way door and is dumped into the blood stream) |
| what is the idealized anatomy of sensation | receptors to 1st order neurons (sensory nerve branches) synapse with 2nd order neurons (deccusates and ascends to thalamus) synapse with 3rd order neuron- thalamus- info ascends to the appropriate lobe in the cortex-becomes a conscious event |
| what are the 3 motor control CENTERS of the CNS | basal ganglia (facilitates wanted movement-inhibits unwanted movements), cerebellum (movement and balance) frontal lobe (motor strip-control-language planning) |
| what are the 3 motor control SYSTEMS of the CNS | pyrimadal (skilled fast |
Created by:
guillbrown