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A&P
Appendicular Skeleton
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Appendicular Skeleton | bony structure of the limbs, permitting us to move & interact w/our surroundings. Attach to vertebral column & sternum of axial skeleton. Consist of pectoral girdles & attached upper limbs & single pelvic girdle & attached lower limbs. |
| pelvic girdle | attached to the sacrum of the spine to support the weight of the body & transfer that force to the lower limb. |
| pectoral girdle | 2 bones (clavicle or collarbone & scapula or shoulder blade). upper limbs attached to pectoral girdle. 4 bones of the 2 pectoral girdles arranged in incomplete ring. |
| scapula | triangular by long edges superior, medial, & lateral borders. Corners meet superior, lateral & inferior angles. |
| suprascapular notch | indentation in the superior border of scapula |
| subscapular fossa | smooth triangular surface where the anterior surface of the scapula faces the ribs on the back. |
| spine | prominent ridge across the scapula body on the posterior surface & divides the convex surface info the supra spinous fossa inferiorly. |
| acromion | lateral tip of the spine part of scapula & superior to glenoid cavity. where the humerus articulates at the glenohumeral joint. |
| supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercle | where the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of the arm attach. |
| coracoid process | superior to glenoid cavity, beak shaped |
| clavicle | only bony connection between pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton & attributed that permit the upper limb the greatest range of movement cared to all other joints. |
| sternal end | articulates medially w/the sternum and laterallyu the flat acromial end |
| acromial end | join the scapula. flat area lateral to sternum |
| Skeletal system functions: | Cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues Support, Protection, Leverage, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell production, Fat storage for energy |
| functions of skeletal system | 1-Support: frame for soft tissues; tendon attachments. 2- Protect organs: Cranium around brain, thoracic cage around heart. 3-Movement :muscles. |
| functions of skeletal system | 4-Mineral homeostasis-Storage and release of calcium- 5-Blood cell production-RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. 6. Storage of fat-Yellow marrow. |
| Shape & structure naming for bones: | Bones are categorized by shape, key markings, and structure 1-Shape: Ex: Flat, sutural, long 2-Markings: Ex: Fossae, foramen 3-Structure: Ex: Diaphysis, epiphysis |
| Shape of bones: | 1-Sutural (Wormian): "pronounced with a V sound" -Small, flat, and found between flat bones of skull; like jigsaw pieces -Number varies among individuals |
| Shape of bones continued | 2-Irregular: -Complex shape (short, flat, notched, ridged) -Vertebrae, pelvic bones, several skull bones like zygomatic bone 3-Short: -Boxlike -Carpals and tarsals |
| Shape of bones continued | 4-Flat -Thin, parallel surfaces -Roof of skull, sternum, scapulae 5-Long -Long and slender -Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, palm of hand, sole of foot, all phalanges (fingers and toes) |
| Shape of bones continued | 6-Sesamoid -sesame seed’ small, round, and flat -Patellae, base of great toe at ball of foot |
| Bone markings: Surface features: -Projections, openings, and depressions | 1-Projections or processes: -Where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach -At articulations with other bones 2-Openings and depressions -For passage of blood vessels and nerves -Indentation/depression |
| Articulations- | Where two bones meet -knee joint |
| Head | Prominent rounded surface -head of femur |
| facet | flat surface -vertebrae |
| Condyle | rounded surface -occipital condyles |
| Projections | raised markings -spinous process of the vertebrae |
| Protuberance | protruding -chin (mental) |
| Process | prominent feature -transverse process of the vertebra |
| Spine | sharp process -ischial spine |
| Tubercle | Small rounded process -tubercle of humerus |
| Tuberosity | Rough surface -deltoid tuberosity |
| Line | Slight elongated ridge -temporal lines of the parietal bones |
| Crest | ridge, sharp -iliac crest |
| Fossa | Elongated basin depression -mandible fossa |
| Fovea | Small pit -fovea capitis on the head of femur |
| Sulcus | groove -sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones |
| Canal | Duct or channel, Passage in bone -auditory canal (ear) |
| Fissure | Deep furrow, cleft, or slit, Slit in the bone -auricular fissure |
| Foramen | Rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves, -Hole through the bone -foramen magnum in the occipital bone |
| Meatus | Passage or channel, Opening into canal -external auditory meatus |
| Sinus (drain or air-filled chamber) | Chamber within a bone, Air-filled space in bone -nasal sinus (drain) |
| Ramus | part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure |
| Bones structure | 1-Long bone -Have a proximal and distal end -Made of compact (cortical) bone along the middle and covering the ends -Has spongy (trabecular) bone on each end under the compact bone. Trabecular mean little beams -lamellar (sheets |
| Bones Structure continued | 2-Flat bone -Like a ‘bone sandwich’ -Diploë – spongy bone in between two layers of compact bone |
| Long bone structure | 1-Epiphysis (epi=above) 2-Metaphysis -Epiphyseal growth plate (child & sub-adult) -Epiphyseal line (adult) 3-Diaphysis (shaft) 4-Articular cartilage (Hyaline) 5-Periosteum (outside covering) 6-Medullary cavity 7-Endosteum (inside covering) |
| Structure of a long bone | 1-Epiphysis -Either end of a long bone (proximal and distal) -Spongy (trabecular) bone |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 2-Metaphysis -Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet -Epiphyseal growth plate – sub-adults only -Epiphyseal line – adults only; fusion of growth plate growth plate=cartilage |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 3-Diaphysis -Shaft/body of a long bone |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 4-Articular cartilage Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 5. Periosteum (thin, glossy covering like velcro) Tough CT covering outside of bone Sharpey’s or perforating fibers |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 6. Medullary cavity Marrow cavity contains fat/yellow marrow and blood vessels in adults (red in children cause they are making blood cells & yellow in adults) Lightens weight of bone – max strength, min. weight |
| Structure of a long bone continued | 7. Endosteum Thin membranous inner lining of medullary cavity |
| Bone tissue characteristics | 1-Dense, supportive connective tissue 2-have specialized cells -Osteogenic cells (stem cells) -Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts 3-Solid extracellular matrix (ECM) w/ collagen fibers -Dense matrix due to deposits of calcium & phosphate salts |
| Bone matrix is hard & flexible | 1-Mineral salts -Deposited in extracellular matrix as calcium phosphate, which interacts with calcium hydroxide to form -Hydroxyapatite |
| Bone matrix is hard & flexible | 2-Calcification - hardness of bone 3-Flexibility and tensile strength -Depends on collagen fibers -About one-third of bone mass is collagen fibers |
| Bone cell type | 1-Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells -Mesenchymal stem cells that maintain osteoblast populations to rebuild bone (think fractures!) |
| Bone cell type | 2-Osteoblasts (bone building) -Young, immature bone-building cells -Secrete matrix called osteoid (organic compound of bone matrix) during osteogenesis (bone ossification) |
| Bone cell type | 3-Osteocytes -Mature bone cells (adults) that maintain the matrix -Maintain protein + mineral content and repair damaged bone |
| Bone cell type | 4-Osteoclasts (bone break) (release Calcium & releasing it into blood supply) -Resorption of bone matrix to release calcium -from white blood cells -secrete acid & enzyme to dissolve the bones matrix |
| Osteogenic (stem) | develop osteoblast -deep layers of periosteum & marrow |
| Osteoblast (young builders) | bone formation -growing portions of bone including periosteum & endosteum |
| Osteocytes(mature adults) | maintain mineral concentration of matrix -entrapped in matrix |
| Osteoclasts (old breakers) | bone resorption -bone surfaces & at sites of old injured or unneeded bone |
| Compact bone | *Cortical or lamellar (rings) bone *Dense along diaphysis and thin at epiphysis *Protection and support |
| Spongy bone | *Trabecular or cancellous bone *Lightweight and provides tissue support |
| Yellow bone marrow | -Found in other sites of spongy bone Stores fat Adults! |
| Red bone marrow | - fills spaces between trabeculae -Forms blood cells -Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion |
| Compact (Corticol) bone | 1-80% of skeleton 2-Osteon -Structural units of bone -Haversian system 3-Central canal -Contains artery and vein -Haversian canal 4-Concentric lamellae -Circular rings of matrix |
| Compact (Corticol) bone continued | 5-Lacunae -Little lakes” for osteocytes to live in 6-Perforating canals -Volkmann’s canals -Blood vessel connections from central canal 7-Canaliculi -Small channels or canals -How osteocytes network for nutrients and waste removal |
| Spongy (Trabecular) bone | 1-20% of skeleton, also called cancellous bone 2-NO osteons 3-Always inside bone, deep to compact bone for protection **if you see spongy bone outside of bone, this person has an injury or cancer |
| Spongy (Trabecular) bone continued | 4-Trabeculae -“Little beams” thin columns of bone -Red marrow fills spaces between trabeculae in blood-producing bones -Yellow marrow (adipose tissue) fills spaces between trabeculae in all other bones |
| Weight-bearing bones | 1-Trabeculae (little beams) in epiphysis of femur transfer forces from pelvis to compact bone of femoral shaft 2-Medial side of shaft compresses 3-Causing tension on the lateral side |
| What makes bone so strong | The orientation of collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae -fibers run in alternate directions |
| Periosteum: Covering of bones (NOT JOINTS) | 1-Membrane that covers outside of bones 2-Does not cover joints of long bones 3-Outer, fibrous layer and inner, cellular layer |
| 3-Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer 4-Fibers are interwoven with those of tendons 4-Fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue | |
| 5-Perforating fibers -Fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue -Increase strength of attachments -Also called Sharpey’s fibers | |
| Function of the Periosteum | 1-Isolates bone from surrounding tissues 2-Provides a route for blood vessels and nerves 3-Participates in bone growth and repair *cell layer of osteogenic cells to osteoblasts (make bone) *if periosteum is lifted off bone, that indicates bone tumor |
| Surface covering Endosteum (line entire interior of bone) | 1-Incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity 2-Very Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling 3-Covers trabeculae of spongy bone 4-Lines central canals of compact bone 5-Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells |
Created by:
SBowden
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