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Medical Myths
Medical myths abound. It's our job to make sure they don't survive our scrutiny.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuro | related to nerves |
| Endo | inside |
| Scopic | devices for looking at or discovering and measuring |
| Ventriculo | of a ventricle (a cavity of a bodily part or organ) |
| Cistern | a fluid-containing sac or cavity in an organism |
| Ostomy | an operation to create an artificial passage for bodily elimination |
| Peritoneal | peritoneum is a membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs |
| Shunt | to divert; to bypass. |
| Catheter | A hollow flexible tube for insertion into a body cavity, duct, or vessel to allow the passage of fluids or distend a passageway. |
| Cortical mantle | a thin layer of tissue that covers the surface of the brain. It is composed of neurons and glial cells and is responsible for many of the brain's functions, including memory, learning, and language. |
| Posterior fossa | a cavity in the skull located at the back of the brain. It contains the cerebellum, brainstem, and other structures. It is involved in many functions, including balance, coordination, and movement. |
| Non-communicating hydrocephalus | a type of hydrocephalus in which the cerebrospinal fluid is unable to flow freely between the ventricles of the brain. This can lead to an increase in pressure in the ventricles, which can cause a variety of symptoms. |
| Articulation | The point where two bones meet and form a joint. |
| Synovial fluid | The thick, slippery fluid that lubricates the joints and helps reduce friction between the bones. |
| Cartilage | The smooth, durable tissue that covers the ends of bones and helps absorb shock within the joint. |
| Tendons | The tough, fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. |
| Ligaments | The strong, flexible tissue that connects bones to each other, providing stability to the joint. |
| Bursae | Small, fluid-filled sacs located near the joints that help reduce friction between bones and muscles. |
| Arthritis | A condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of movement. |
| Osteoarthritis | A type of arthritis that results from the degeneration of cartilage in the joints. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and damage to the joints. |
| Tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive use or injury. |
| Stomach ulcer | A sore that develops in the lining of the stomach and is caused by the breakdown of the protective mucus layer and the exposure of the stomach lining to stomach acid |
| Endoscope | A flexible instrument with a light and a camera at the end that is used to examine the inside of a body cavity or organ, such as the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine |
| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by various factors such as infection, excessive alcohol consumption, or long-term use of certain medications |
| Mucosal defense | The mechanisms by which the stomach and duodenum protect themselves from the harmful effects of stomach acid, such as producing a layer of mucus and increasing blood flow to the area |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | A type of bacteria that can cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine by breaking down the protective mucus layer |
| Hydrochloric acid | A strong acid produced by the stomach to help break down food and that can cause damage to the stomach and small intestine if not properly regulated |
| Urease | An enzyme produced by H. pylori that allows the bacteria to thrive in the acidic environment of the stomach |
| Antibiotics | Drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria, including H. pylori infections that can cause stomach ulcers |
| Genetics | The study of how traits and characteristics are passed down from generation to generation through the DNA in our genes |
| Inflammation | The body's response to injury or damage, characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, helps to promote healing and protect against further damage. |
| What is hubris? | excessive pride or self-confidence |
| What is a papilla? | a small rounded protuberance on a part or organ of the body |
| What is a taste bud? | any of the clusters of bulbous nerve endings on the tongue and in the lining of the mouth which provide the sense of taste. |
| Who was Edwin Boring? | Boring was an experimental psychologist and a historian of psychology |
| What role did Edwin Boring play in the tongue map? | Boring misinterpreted data from David P. Hanig dated to 1901 that showed the lateral (edge) regions of the tongue are most sensitive to taste reception, not specific tastes. |
| Who was David P. Hanig? | A German scientist who discovered that edges of the tongue sensed taste more in general. |
| Why role did David P. Hanig play in the tongue map? | Hanig wrote the original 1901 paper that Boring misinterpreted because Boring did not read German. |
| Fine-tuned internal sensors | These are specialized receptors in the body that are responsible for monitoring the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and providing important signals to the brain about the state of hydration and other physiological functions. |
| Nephrons | Nephrons are the microscopic units in the kidney that filter waste and excess fluid from the bloodstream and create urine. They are made up of two main parts, the glomerulus and the tubule, which work together to cleanse the blood. |
| Glomerulus | The glomerulus is a small network of blood vessels within the nephron that acts as the first line of filtration. It filters waste and excess fluid from the bloodstream into the tubule. |
| Tubule | The tubule is a long, thin, tube-like structure that reabsorbs essential substances and vitamins back into the bloodstream while eliminating waste and excess fluid. |
| Urea | Urea is a waste product that is formed as a result of protein metabolism. It is filtered out of the bloodstream by the nephrons and eliminated from the body in the form of urine. |
| Ureters | Ureters are narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are responsible for moving urine out of the kidneys and into the bladder, where it is stored until it is eliminated from the body. |
| Bladder | The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body. It has walls that are able to stretch and relax, allowing it to accommodate varying amounts of urine and providing control over urination. |
| Vitamin D | Vitamin D is important for the proper functioning of the kidneys, as well as for bone health. It helps regulate the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body, which is essential for proper kidney function. |
| Renin | Renin is an enzyme produced by specialized cells in the kidney. It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body by controlling the production of angiotensin, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. |
| Erythropoietin | Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Helps regulate the amount of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the body, which is essential for proper kidney function. |
| Muscle Fatigue | A decrease in the ability of a muscle to generate force, typically occurring after prolonged or repeated contractions. |
| Lactate | A byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that is produced during exercise, causing fatigue and pain in the muscles. |
| Energy Source | A substance or process that provides energy to a system, such as ATP, which is the main source of energy for muscle contractions. |
| Motor Neurons | Long, thin cells that carry signals from the brain to the muscles, triggering contraction. |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that is released by motor neurons and triggers the opening of pores on the muscle cell membrane, enabling contraction. |
| Sodium Ions | Charged particles that flow into the muscle cell in response to a signal from a motor neuron, triggering an action potential and muscle contraction. |
| Potassium Ions | Charged particles that flow out of the muscle cell in response to a signal from a motor neuron, resetting the balance of charge on either side of the cell membrane. |
| Calcium Ions | Ions stored inside the muscle cell that are released and cause muscle contraction by enabling proteins in the muscle fibers to lock together. |
| Action Potential | An electrical signal created by the change in charge in the muscle cell, generated by the flow of sodium and potassium ions in response to a signal from a motor neuron. |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | A molecule that provides energy to muscle contractions and helps pump ions back across the cell membrane. |
| Rayleigh Scattering | A type of light scattering that occurs when light waves travel through the atmosphere or through skin, causing blue light to scatter more than other colors, making the sky appear blue and blood vessels appear blue under certain skin tones. |
| Blood oxygenation | The process by which hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen molecules, giving blood its bright red color when oxygenated, and its darker, deeper red color when deoxygenated. |
| Chromophores | Pigments in the skin that selectively absorb light in the blue-green spectrum of visible light, which has shorter wavelengths than other colors in the visible spectrum. |
| Cyanosis | A condition in which the skin, lips, tongue, gums, ears, and nails appear bluish or purple due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is typically caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the body's ability to get enough oxygen. |
| Optical Illusion | A perception of reality that is different from the true physical properties of an object or phenomenon. Veins appear blue through the skin due to an optical illusion caused by how our brains process color. |
| Hemoglobin | A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. |
| Blue Light | Light with shorter wavelengths in the blue-green spectrum of visible light that scatters more than other colors during Rayleigh scattering. |
| Visible Spectrum | The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye, ranging from red to violet. |
| Deoxygenated Blood | Blood that has released its oxygen from hemoglobin and appears darker, almost maroon in color. |
| Oxygenated Blood | Blood that has bound to oxygen molecules and appears bright red. |
| Blood oxygen saturation | A measure of the amount of oxygen present in the blood. |
| Pulse oximetry | A non-invasive method of measuring blood oxygen saturation levels using a sensor placed on a patient's finger, toe, or earlobe. |
| Occult hypoxemia | A condition in which a patient's blood oxygen levels are lower than normal, but they do not exhibit typical symptoms of hypoxemia. |
| Racial and ethnic minority groups | Groups of individuals who are identified as being from a race or ethnic group that is historically underrepresented or marginalized. |
| Measurement bias | A systematic error in measurement that causes a deviation from the true value of a measurement. |
| Guideline-concordant COVID-19 treatments | Medical treatments that adhere to established guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19. |
| Underestimation of disease severity | The failure to accurately assess the severity of a patient's illness, which can lead to delayed or inadequate treatment. |
| Arterial hypoxemia | A condition in which there is low oxygen levels in the arterial blood. |
| Innovation inertia | The resistance to adopting new technologies or practices, often due to established norms or institutional practices. |
| Injustice paradigm | A system or framework that perpetuates inequities or biases in healthcare, often based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. |
Created by:
DrStokes
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