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Unit 5 Vocab APHG
Unit 5 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dairy Farming 5.1 | A class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed for eventual sale of a dairy product. |
| Extensive Agriculture 5.1 | A type of agricultural production that involves the use of relatively low levels of inputs, such as labor, capital, and chemicals, in order to produce crops or livestock. |
| Intensive Agriculture 5.1 | Type of agricultural production that involves use of high levels of inputs, such as chemicals, fertilizers, and irrigation in order to maximize crop yields. Designed to make the most efficient use of land, labor, and capital. Large quantities at low cost. |
| Market Gardening 5.1 | The practice of maintaining a relatively small commercial farm that is characterized by a diversity of crops and, typically, a relationship with local markets |
| Mediterranean Agriculture 5.1 | Agricultural system practiced in Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, portions of Chile and Aus., where diverse specialty crops like grapes, avocados, olives, and nuts, fruits, vegetables make profitable agricultural operations. |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming 5.1 | Agricultural systems that involve the production of both crops and livestock on. the same piece of land. Can be more sustainable that intensive monoculture systems, as crops and livestock can benefit each other and more positive effects. |
| Pastoral Nomadism 5.1 | The practice of raising livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, on large areas of land, often in a nomadic or semi nomadic way. Pastoralists may move their animals from place to place in search of fresh pasture and water. |
| Plantation Agriculture 5.1 | A type of large scale, monoculture farming that involves the cultivation of a single crop, typically a tropical export crop such as coffee, coca, or bananas on a large piece of land. |
| Ranching 5.1 | Type of livestock agriculture in which animals are left to graze on grasses in an enclosed pasture for food or items like leather. |
| Shifting Cultivation 5.1 | A type of agriculture that involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines. Often practiced by small scale farmers in tropical regions. |
| Truck Farming 5.1 | Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market and use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies |
| Clustered Rural Settlement 5.2 | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. |
| Dispersed Rural Settlement 5.2 | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. |
| Linear Rural Settlements 5.2 | A type of rural settlement in which homes and other structures are arranged in a long, narrow configuration along a transportation corridor, such as a river, a road, or a rail line. Can be found in a variety of settings. |
| Long-lot Survey System 5.2 | A type of rural survey method where land is divided into narrow lots perpendicular to a river, road, or canal. Lots stretch from buildings or houses to the river, road, etc. Gives everyone equal access to the "resource" |
| Metes and Bounds 5.2 | A type of rural survey method that defines the boundaries of a piece of land based on the physical landscape, directions, and distances |
| Township and Range System 5.2 | A type of rural survey method where land is divided into six mile square blocks called townships, and divided again into one mile square blocks, called range. Ranges are broken further into smaller parcels for people to develop. |
| Metes 5.2 | A specific, measured boundary |
| Bounds 5.2 | A general boundary (waterways, walls, existing buildings, etc) |
| Domestication (plants and animals) 5.3 | Refers to the process by which a plant or animal is tamed by human society so that that plant or animal can be reliably utilized to provide for human sustenance |
| Columbian Exchange 5.3 | A variety of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies were exchanged between the Americas and the Eastern hemisphere |
| First Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution 5.3 | Transition from hunting and gathering to growing plants and raising livestock. People began to understand seeds, water, and plant/animal care. Became more sedentary. Happened 1st in Ancient Mesopotamia ~10,000 years ago. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution 5.4 | A period of rapid agricultural development in Britain that took place between the 16th and early 19th centuries. It was characterized by a number of changes and innovations that transformed the way food was produced and consumed. |
| Crop rotation 5.4 | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| Fertilizers 5.4 | Any substance, such as manure, or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity |
| Green Revolution 5.5 | Period of development in agriculture in mid-20th century, primarily in MDC. Characterized by the intro of high-yield varieties of crops, use of irrigation, other technological innovations, and the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides |
| Mechanization 5.5 | The act of replacing human labor with machines |
| Pesticides 5.5 | Helps to control pests and diseases, which can damage crops and reduce yields |
| Third Agricultural Revolution 5.5 | A period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields and agricultural production. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries after World War II and spread globally till the late 1980s |
| Bid Rent Theory 5.6 | A model explaining the relationship between value of land and its distance from the central business district (CBD) of a city. As distance from a CBD increases the value of land decreases |
| Monocropping (Monoculture) 5.6 | The practice of growing a single crop species over a large area. This can be done for a variety of reasons, including to maximize efficiency and profits, or to take advantage of specific soil or climatic conditions |
| Agribusiness 5.7 | System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market |
| Commercial Agriculture 5.7 | The production of crop/livestock on a large scale,often using modern techniques and technologies, such as mechanization to increase efficiency and productivity. Typically owned and operated by corporations/large businesses, rather than individual families |
| Commodity Chain 5.7 | Interconnected networks of production, distribution, and consumption that are involved in bringing a product from its raw materials stage to the final consumer. Often involve multiple stages and a variety of factors |
| Von Thunen Model 5.8 | Economic model developed in the 19th century that aims to explain the spatial organization of agriculture and how it is influenced by transportation costs. The model was developed by Johann Heinrich von Thunen, a German economist and landowner. |
| Export Commodity 5.9 | A commodity that is produced in one country and sold to another country for export- Ex: Wheat, cotton, and oil |
| Infrastructure 5.9 | The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise- Ex: Roads, bridges, water treatment plants, and schools. |
| Subsidy 5.9 | A financial support provided by a government to a business or individual, typically to promote a specific economic or social objective- Ex: The US government providing financial support to farmers through the Farm Bill. |
| Fair Trade Agreement 5.9 | A trade agreement that promotes the fair treatment of workers and the sustainable production of goods, often by establishing minimum prices for certain products and requiring environmentally sustainable practices |
| Luxury Crop 5.9 | A crop that is grown for its high value and is not necessary for basic human sustenance. Examples of luxury crops include coffee, cocoa, and tobacco |
| Neocolonialism 5.9 | The economic and political control of a developing country by a more powerful, external country, often through indirect means such as corporate investment and trade agreements |
| Conservation 5.10 | The sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation |
| Deforestation 5.10 | The purposeful clearing of forested land |
| Desertification 5.10 | The process by which fertile land becomes desert-like, due to a variety of factors, such as climate change, overuse, and poor land management practices. |
| Draining Wetlands 5.10 | Draining water from a wetland to clear an area for farming; may have negative effects on the environment |
| Irrigation 5.10 | The process of supplying water to crops to help them grow. It is commonly used in areas where natural rainfall is insufficient to support crop growth, or where there are fluctuations in the amount of rainfall from year to year. |
| Slash and Burn Agriculture 5.10 | Also known as shifting cultivation, is a type of subsistence agriculture in which land is cleared by cutting and burning vegetation. |
| Soil Salinization 5.10 | When soil becomes too salty, which can make it difficult or impossible for plants to grow. This can be caused by a number of factors, including irrigation with salty water, improper drainage, and high levels of naturally occurring salts in the soil. |
| Terrace Farming 5.10 | Type of agriculture where land is divided into a series of terraces, or flat areas of land that are separated by banks or walls. Used to grow crops, and are often found on hillsides or mountainous areas where traditional farming is difficult. |
| Overgrazing 5.10 | Excessive use of grazing land by livestock, which can lead to the degradation of the land. Occurs when the number of livestock that are allowed to graze on a piece of land exceeds the land's carrying capacity |
| Overfishing 5.10 | The removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate that the species cannot replenish, resulting in those species becoming underpopulated in that area. |
| Aquaculture (Aquafarming) 5.11 | The farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed. It is an important source of food and other products, such as fishmeal, fish oil, and pearls. |
| Biotechnology 5.11 | The use of living organisms or their products to develop or make products or technologies. Biotechnology has a wide range of applications, including agriculture, medicine, environmental management, and industry. In |
| Community-supported agriculture (CSA) 5.11 | A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of produce. |
| Fair trade 5.11 | Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. |
| Food desert 5.11 | Geographic areas where residents have few to no convenient options for securing affordable and healthy foods — especially fresh fruits and vegetables. |
| Food insecurity 5.11 | The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. |
| Local-food movements 5.11 | Encouraging people to eat foods which are grown or farmed relatively close to the places of sale and preparation. |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) 5.11 | Living organisms that have had their DNA modified using biotechnology techniques. The genetic material of a GMO is altered in a way that does not occur naturally, usually by adding or removing specific genes. |
| Organic farming 5.11 | Farming that is grown and processed using no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. |
| Urban farming 5.11 | Integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem. |
| Value-added specialty crops 5.11 | Changing the physical state or form of an agricultural product in a way that increases it's worth (wheat into flour or berries into jam). |
| Blue Revolution 5.11 | New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems. |
| Antibiotics 5.11 | Drugs that block growth and reproduction of bacteria |
| Agricultural (seed) Hearths | The "birthplace" of a crop, or where a crop is known to have originated before its spread throughout the world. |
| Biodiversity | The variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for good and agriculture. |
| Cash Crop | Something that is grown for profit and to meet some luxury rather than to sustain the population. |
| Double Cropping | The harvesting of two crops or commodities in a calendar year, such as winter wheat in the spring and soybeans in the fall |
| Feedlot | A plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market |
| Milkshed | An area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family |
| Herbicides | Chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any plants that might cause a disruption in the growth of the desired product. |
| Transnational Corporation | A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. |
| Tertiary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. |
| Suitcase Farm | In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews. |
| High Yield | Crops that produce more food per farming cycle than other wild varieties. |
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elisakim
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