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AP HUG 2.1-2.9

vocab

TermDefinition
Dispersed a population that is spread out
population distribution where people live within a geographic area
climate long term patterns of weather in an area that greatly affects population distribution in direct and indirect ways
temperate climates moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts. tend to be more populated
landforms the natural features on earth's surface
human migration when people make a permanent move from place to another
population density number of people occupying a unit of land
arithmetic density measures total population per unit of land. total pop/total land area. Basic way to see the population comparisons of countries.
physiological density total number of people per unit of arable land. total pop/total farming land. UAE is an example of the differing ratios between physiological and arithmetic.
agricultural density total number of farmers per unit of arable land. Countries that have a higher ratio are normally in Asia.
subsistence farming means higher agricultural density. common in peripheral and semi peripheral countries where more farmers are present. more people must work as farmers.
carrying capacity maximum population size an environment can sustain. ex.) greenland has low carrying capacity because of its climate
environmental degradation the deterioration of the environment. greater population densities can cause this to happen.
dependency ratio number of people in a dependent age group, under 15 and over 65, divided by the number of people in the working age group. then multiplied by 100.
sex ratio represents the proportion of males to females in a population. in general more males are born than females. ex.) many asian countries prefer male babies compared to female babies just for a cultural preference. china's one child policy.
demographics data about structures and characteristics of human populations.
fertility ability to produce children. influences birthrate of population.
crude birth rate (CBR) basic rate number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population. ex.) pop is 1,000,000 and 15,000 births happened in that year. divide that by 1,000 and 15 to 1,000 is the rate we get.
total fertility rate (TFR) gives us more info average number of children a woman will birth in her child bearing years (15 to 49 years of age) more jobs and better education for females has lowered this rate in europe.
crude death rate (CDR) can give us a misleading info. ex.) japan has high death rate cause of old pop. so does niger. but for different reason. number of deaths of a given population per year per 1,000 people. Geographers consider that under 10 per 1,000 is low and 20 per 1,000 is high.
infant mortality rate (IMR) number of deaths of children under age of 1 per 1,000 live births. highest IMR's are in the peripheral countries like afghanistan.
population pyramid ways to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population.
rate of natural increase (RNI) difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate. high RNI can mean rapid pop growth but this rate does not take migration into consideration. CBR - CDR= RNI
doubling time (DT/0 number of years that in which population growing at a certain rate will double. formula: 70/RNI = DT
malthus's theory of population growth he interpreted the rising life expectancy and lower death rate as a sign the world's pop would grow exponentially. this would lead to food shortage and famine in the late 1800s.
Neo-Malthusian raises concern about sustainable use of planet, claiming earth's resources can only support a finite population. they advocate population control programs.
demographic transition model (DTM) represents shifts in growth that world's populations have undergone and are still experiencing over time.
stage 1 in demographic transition model long period of human history before improvements of health care and other changes at the time of the industrial revolution. no country as a whole is in this stage. just isolated groups.
stage 2 in demographic transition model continuing high birth rate and falling death rate that accompanied the industrial revolution in western europe and united states.
stage 3 and 4 in demographic transition model reflect trends seen in societies as birth rates begin to slow due to a variety of economic and social factors.
stage 5 in demographic transition model population begins to decrease. only a few countries have reached this stage. Japan and Denmark is one of them.
epidemiological transition model (ETM) describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death. it is an independent model that shows causes of death.
stage 1 in ETM: famine infectious and parasitic diseases mostly cause human deaths. death rate is high and life expectancy is low.
stage 2 in ETM: receding pandemic disease improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine lower spread of infection. death rate decreases and life expectancy increases.
stage 3 in ETM: degenerative and human created diseases fewer deaths from infectious diseases and increase of diseases related to age. heart attacks/cancer. death rate is low and life expectancy increases.
stage 4 in ETM: delayed degenerative diseases medical advances reduce or delay incidences of diseases related to aging. life expectancy is at its highest.
stage 5 in ETM: reemergence of infectious diseases infectious and parasitic diseases become resistant to antibiotics and increase. life expectancy decreases.
antinatalist government policies that are designed to discourage citizens from having children. they try to curb population growth.
pronatalist policies that encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth.
land degradation long term damage to the soil's ability to support life.
Created by: 26majemor
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