Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharmacology
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Medication routes | Enteral, topical or mucous membranes, inhalation, and parenteral routes |
| How are oral meds given? i.e what is the make up of them? | pill, liquid, or powder |
| How are sublingual meds given? | under the tongue and allowed to dissolve. do not swallow whole. |
| How are buccal meds given? | tucked into the cheeks and allowed absorption time |
| How are rectal meds given? | given through the rectum and allowed to absorb (example- suppository) |
| What are the parenteral routes? | intradermal , subcutaneous intramuscular, intravenous |
| What is an epidural? | medication placed into the epidural space of the spinal area |
| What is an intrathecal parenteral route? | A surgically placed catheter placed into the brain |
| What is an intraosseous parenteral route? | Given via needle into the bone (usually an emergency only) |
| What is an intraperitoneal parenteral route? | medication placed into the peritoneal cavity |
| Pharmaceutics | the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body through dissolution, absorption and onset of action |
| Pharmacokinetics | the study of what the body does to the drug (ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) |
| The drug cycle | the process of how medication gets to the target site and what happens to the medicine during the journey |
| Absorption: First pass effect | large portion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver |
| Distribution: Albumin | albumin the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein bound drug molecules |
| Excretion | elimination of drugs from the body, the primary organ is the renal system but also excreted through biliary and bowel |
| Half life | time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body. after approximately 5 half lives most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body |
| Peak level | high blood level of a drug |
| Trough level | lowest blood level of a drug |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of what the drug does to the body ( the mechanism of drug actions on living tissue, therapeutic effect, mechanism of action, drug receptor relationships, enzymes, nonselective interactions) |
| Pharmacogenetics | general term for the study of genetic variations in drug response and focuses on single gene variations |
| Pharmacogenomics | involves how genetics affect the bod's response to drugs and individualized drug therapy based on a patients genetic makeup |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases |
| Tolerance | decreasing response to repeated drug doses |
| Dependence | physiologic or psychological need for a drug |
| Physical dependence | physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms |
| Psychological dependence | known as addiction and is obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of the drug |
| Therapeutic level | point at which the drug has maximum desired effect |
| Drug potency | strength of the drug |
| 6 medication rights | right drug, dose, time, route, patient, documentation |
| Maintenance therapy | designed to help a primary treatment succeed |
| Supplemental (replacement) therapy | the use of vitamin and mineral supplemental to prevent disease |
| Palliative therapy | comfort |
| Supportive therpay | psychotherapy |
| Prophylactic | preventive |
| CNS side effects | agitation, hallucinations, confusion, delirium, disorientation, depression, drowsiness, sedation, decreased respiration, decreased circulation, dizziness and coma |
| Liver side effects | high liver enzyme levels in the blood, jaundice |
| GI system side effects | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, ulcers, colitis |
| Urinary system side effects | fluid and electrolyte imbalance, abnormally high potassium levels, increased BUN |
| Hematology system side effects | decreased WBC, decreased RBC, decreased platelets these can lead to: risk of infection, bleeding, and anemia |
| Pharmacognosy | study of the natural (versus synthetic) drug sources (i.e plants, animals, mineral) |
| 4 main sources for drugs | plants, animals, minerals, laboratory synthesis |
| Pharmacoeconoimcs | study of economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy (cost benefit analysis) |
| Toxicology | science of adverse effects of chemicals of living organisms |
| Category A | studies have not shown risk to mother or fetus (example: levothyroxine) |
| Category B | animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus of if they have human studies have not (example: insulin) |
| Category C | Animal studies have shown a risk to the fetus but controlled studies have not been performed on women (example: furosemide) |
| Category D | studies show these drugs may cause harm to the fetus so prescriber must weigh risk versus benefit. may use if another therapy is not available (example: warfarin) |
| Category X | studies show significant risk to other and fetus (example: castor oil) |
| Pediatric patients | metabolism and excretion impaired, size can cause med miscalculations, CNS more susceptible to the effects of medications |
| Injection site used for peds | Vastus lateralis |
| Liver dysfunction | metabolism affected |
| Kidney dysfunction | excretion affected |
| Heart dysfunction | responsible for how medication is distributed throughout the circulatory system |
| Clinical trials | study participants are assigned to one group either the placebo or control group and some studies are double blinded |
| Schedule 1 drugs | high potential for abuse, not currently accepted int he US, non medicinal qualities Herion, LSD, Marijuana, Ecstasy, Peyote |
| Schedule 2 drugs | high potential for abuse and dependence, has some medicinal qualities Vicodin, Cocaine, Meth, Oxycodone, Adderall |
| Schedule 3 drugs | Moderate potential for abuse/ dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, doctors prescription required Tylenol with Codeine, Ketamine, Steroids, Testosterone |
| Schedule 4 drugs | low potential for abuse and dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, prescription required- fewer refill regulations Xanax, Darvan, Valium, Ativan, Ambien, Tramadol |
| Schedule 5 drugs | lowest potential for abuse/ dependence, acceptable medicinal qualities, prescription required-- fewer refill regulations Robittusin AC, Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica |
| Written orders | desired whenever possible to avoid mistakes, written or typed clearly and accurately, must be signed by prescriber |
| Verbal orders | prescriber directs another health care professional to write the prescription, the order may be in person or via phone, write clearly and read back what is written to prescriber, not permitted for schedule 2 drugs |
| E-prescription orders | Prescription created electronically by prescriber, sent directly to pharmacy avoids: illegible writing, loss of written prescription and missing information on prescription |
| Standing orders | list of orders used in specific circumstances that routinely occur |
| Automatic stop orders | orders for a limited period of time, most commonly used for schedule 2 and 3 medications after an injury or surgical procedure, usually needs to be reordered routinely |
| Prescription | written record of the prescriber's order |
| Prescribers | physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants |
| Parts of a prescription | Name, contact information, and DEA number of prescriber name, address and date of brith of the patient date of order Rx Inscription: name of drug, dosage, and quantity to be dispensed |
| Labels must include | generic and trade name, route of administration, refill information, name of prescribing physician and credentials |
| OTC medications | FDA requires that over the counter meds require most of the information |
| Cognitive domain | level at which basic knowledge is learned and stored |
| Affective domain | conduct that expressed feelings, needs, beliefs, values, and opinions |
| Psychomotor domain | learning of a new procedure or skill, often called the domain |
| Potenial hazards of herbs | natural substance does not mean safe herb-drug interaction herba; products can affect lab results not all compounds are safe via all routes many products interfere with absorption, breakdown, and excretion or anesthetics, anticoagulants and others |
Created by:
SierraGonzalez
Popular Nursing sets