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Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cancer | uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells |
| What are the risk factors for cancer | Risk factors include tobacco use, excessive body weight, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, alcohol consumption, and excessive exposure to the sun |
| Characteristics of a normal cell includes? | A constant state of equilibrium is maintained. They also respect their boundaries and territory of the cells surrounding them- cancer cells do not. |
| What is cell differentiation | Cellular differentiation is when the cell progresses from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity. |
| What is benign and malignant neoplasm | Benign neoplasms: well-differentiated Malignant neoplasms: undifferentiated (have the ability to invade and metastasize) |
| What is the cause and development of cancer | It’s unknown |
| What are different causes of cancer | Genetics Chemical Radioactive Viral |
| What are the three stages of cancer development | Initiation ProMotion Progression |
| What’s initiation? | •Mutation in cell’s genetic structure from an inherited mutation •Error that occurs during DNA replication or after exposure to a carcinogen •Many carcinogens are detoxified by protective enzymes •If protective mechanism fails, carcinogens can enter a ce |
| What’s promotion? | Reversible proliferation of the altered cells •Some carcinogens are capable of both initiating and promoting development of cancer •Latency period Disease is also clinical evident when a one cm size tumor is present |
| What are frequent sites for metastases? | Brain, lungs, livers, adrenals and bone |
| What’s the role of the immune system? | Cancer cells can be perceived as non-self entities and elicit an immune response that results in their rejection and destruction Cancer cells arise from normal “self” cells and although mutated (and different), the immune response may be inadequate to re |
| What is progression | Increased growth rate of the tumor and increased invasiveness and spread of the cancer to a distant site (metastasis) |
| What is Metastases | Metastasis is a multistep process: Rapid growth of primary tumor Tumor increases in size and develops own blood supply Tumor grows and can invade surrounding tissues, growing. |
| what are the Frequent sites of metastasis | lung, liver, Adrenals, bone and brain |
| Prevention and Detection of Cancer | Reduce or eliminate exposure to carcinogens and cancer promoters ( cigarette, smoke , sun ) Diet, physical activity, limit alcohol Know the seven warning signs of cancer |
| How Do you Diagnose Cancer? | Pap test(cytology studies), Hematology and chemistry studies, Radiological studies, Radioisotope scanning, Bone marrow examination and biopsy |
| What are the 3 main goals of inter-professional care | Cure, Control and Palliation |
| Ways to Treat Cancer | surgical therapy, Radiation Therapy , chemotherapy |
| What is Chemotherapy | Used in the treatment of many solid tumors and is primary therapy for hematological malignancies |
| What is the goal of chemotherapy? | Goal of chemotherapy is to decrease the number of cancer cells present in the primary and metastatic tumor site(s) Chemotherapy cannot selectively distinguish between normal and cancer cells destruction of normal cells occurs |
| What is Radiation Therapy | Radiation is the emission and distribution of energy through space or a material medium and its a local treatment.. It breaks bonds in DNA which leads to lethal or sublethal damage of cells. |
| What are the goals of Radiation Therapy? | Cure, Control and Palliation. |
| What is Lethal damage of the cells? | Lethal damage causes chromosomal disruption so cell cannot replicate |
| What is sub lethal damage of the cells? | Sub lethal damage may be repaired between radiation or may accumulate with repetitive doses & cause cell death. |
| Nursing Management for Radiation Therapy and Chemo | Education of treatment regiments and management of adverse effects and disease symptoms Assist with coping with psychosocial issues associated with diagnosis.Work with interprofessional team. Distinguish between common adverse effects (nausea and vomitin |
| What are some complications that result from cancer (obstructive Emergencies) | Superior vena cava syndrome: obstruction of the superior vena cava by a tumour Spinal cord compression: neurological emergency caused by the presence of a malignant tumour in the epidural space of the spinal cord Third space syndrome: shifting of fluid |
| What are some Metabolic Emergencies? | SIADH HYPERCALCEMIA TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME SEPTIC SHOCK DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION |
| What are some Infiltrative Emergencies | Cardiac tamponade and carotid artery rupture |
| What are some complications resulting from cancer? | Nutritional problems and infections malnutrition and altered taste sensation |
| What are some management of cancer pain | commonly untreated meds like opioids and nonpharmalogical interventions |
| what are some psychosocial care? | Supportive care with interprofessional team Social work and counselling, psychiatry, nutrition, occupational therapy, speech language pathology, community nursing, palliative care, primary care Explore thoughts and feelings with patient and family Shoc |
Created by:
21sanni
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