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CHEM - chapter 1
essential ideas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why study chemistry? | Chemistry is the central science. It seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules |
| What is matter? | Matter is anything that occupies space and mass |
| How is matter classified? | classified by its state and its composition |
| What is state and composition? | state is physical form and composition is the basic components that make it up |
| What are the 3 states of matter? | Solid, Liquid, and Gas |
| Describe Solid: | rigid, definite shape, definite volume, non-compressible |
| Describe Liquid: | ability to flow, takes shape of container, definite volume, NOT compressible |
| Describe Gas: | able to flow, takes shape of container, HIGHLY compressible |
| What is mass? | the amount of matter in an object measured by how much force is required to accelerate an object |
| What is weight? | the force that gravity exerts on an object |
| What is the difference between mass and weight? | weight changes based on where you are in the universe and mass stays the same unless something is added or taken away |
| What is the scientific method? | way for scientists to advance knowledge, setting up experiments to help prove an idea, other scientists must be able to reproduce your results |
| What is an Hypothesis? | a tentative explanation of the observation and is falsifiable (able to be proven false) |
| What is Scientific Law? | Brief statement that summarizes past observations and predict future ones |
| What is Scientific Theory? | a model for the way nature is and tries to explain why nature does something validated by experiments which gives reasons for why |
| The 5 steps of the scientific method | observations and measurements, hypothesis, experiments, theory, further experiment |
| What is the most important part of the scientific method? | the repeatability. can do experiment and revise hypothesis |
| what does your theory do during the scientific method? | predict related phenomena |
| What do chemistry domains do? | describes the behavior of matter in different domains |
| What is the macroscopic domain? | what we see everyday and can observe and measure physical and chemical properties such as density, solubility, and flammability |
| What is the microscopic domain? | you must magnify to see and components include viruses, chemical compounds, and individual atoms |
| Give an example of a solid: | crystalline, sugar, wood, gold |
| What is amorphous? | atoms or molecules do not have any long-range order (glass or plastic) |
| Give an example of a liquid: | water, alcohol, gasoline |
| Give an example of a gas: | helium, air, carbon dioxide |
| What is the law of conservation of matter? | matter can be neither created nor destroyed |
| What does it mean when matter converts from one type to another? | chemical change |
| What does it mean when matter changes states? | physical change |
| What is beer brewing and why is it relevant? | the raw ingredients are all turned to beer with no loss in total mass |
| What are atoms? | the building blocks for matter |
| What are molecules? | more than 1 atom connected by bonds (they are one unit) |
| What is a pure substance? | constant composition no matter where it comes from (sugar) |
| What two classes do pure substances divide into? | elements and compounds |
| What are elements? | a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes (oxygen gas, sodium metal) |
| List of diatomic elements? | helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, iodine, chlorine, bromine |
| What are compounds? | a pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances (atoms or small molecules) (caffeine, glucose) |
| What is a mixture? | a substance that is composed of 2 or more types of matter that can be separated by physical changes |
| What is a heterogeneous mixture? | 2 separate obvious things like water and sand |
| What is a homogeneous mixture? what is its other name? | a solution that has uniform composition like milk or tea with sugar |
| What is decanting? | pouring off the water into another container |
| What is distillation | homogenous mixture is heated to boil off the volatile liquid. the volatile liquid is re-condensed in a condenser and collected in a separate flask |
| What is filtration? | process in which a heterogenous mixture is poured through filter paper in a funnel |
| What is a physical property? is it reversable? | anything not affected by its chemical composition (odor, taste, melting point, density, color, appearance, boiling point) reversable |
| What is a chemical property? is it reversable? | the change or resistance to change of one type of matter into another type of matter (flammability, toxicity, acidity) NOT reversable |
| What is a physical change? | none of the chemical composition will be affected (water boiling, ice melting, magnetizing metals, sugar dissolving in coffee) |
| What is a chemical change? | produces one or more types of matter that are different from the matter that was present before the change (rusting, burning, cooking) |
| all 6 physical change examples: | sublimation, deposition, solidification, melting, condensation, evaporation |
| What is an extensive property? | depends on amount of matter present (mass, volume, heat) more matter = more mass |
| What is an intensive property? | not dependent on the amount of matter (temperature, conductivity, boiling point) |
| Write 580,000. in scientific notation: | 5.8x105 |
| Write 0.0023 in scientific notation | 2.3x10-3 |
| What is volume and how do you solve for it? | the amount of space occupied by an object V=LxWxH |
| What is density and how do you solve for it? | the ratio of an object's mass to its volume D=M/V |
| What is uncertaainty? | the estimate where measurements differ from the true value |
| What numbers are significant? | all nonzero numbers, interior zeroes, and trailing zeroes |
| What are leading zeroes? | zeroes to the left of the first nonzero digit |
| What are trailing zeroes? | zeroes at the end of a number before a decimal point |
| What are ambiguous numbers? | no decimal point |
| How many significant figures are in 1.2, 1200, 1.200, and 1200. | 2, ambigous, 4, 4 |
| What are exact numbers? | have an unlimited number of sig. figs. and things we can count like ppl |
| We should not lose or gain precision. | We should not lose or gain precision. |
| When multiplying or dividing, how do you determine how many sig. figs. you will have? | the number with the least amount of sig. figs. |
| When adding or substracting, how do you determine how many sig. figs. you will have? | the number with the least amount of decimal places |
| Round 5.37 and 5.349 to the nearest number: | 5.4, 5.3 |
| 22.513 + 105.5 = ? | 128.0 |
| (1.87 + 33.27) + 101 = ? | 136 |
| What is accuracy? | how close to the true value |
| What is precision? | how close the data values are to each other |
| Convert 1340mg to g if (1mg=1x10-3g) | 1.340g |
| Is density derived or a base? What are the solid and liquid units? | It is derived and g/cm3 |
Created by:
3ugarciara
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