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Chemistry Ch. 7

QuestionAnswer
How did Mendeleev organize elements on his periodic table? He used similarities in properties.
Scientists learned that all of the elements within each group of the periodic table ____ in a similar way because the have the same number of.... React. -Valence Electrons.
What does the number of valence electrons largely determine? The chemical properties of an element.
How do you find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element? To find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element, simply look at its group number.
How many valence electrons do atoms in group 1A have? 1.
Atoms of Helium have ___ valence electrons. 2.
How many dots, in an electron dot structure, will Nitrogen have? 5.
Atoms of _____ tend to lose their valence electrons, leaving a.... Metals. -Complete octet in the next-lowest energy level.
Atoms of some ______ tend to gain electrons or to.... Nonmetals. -Share electrons with another nonmetal atom or atoms to achieve a complete octet.
An atom is electrically... Why? Neutral. -Because it has equal numbers of protons and electrons.
How are cations formed? A positively charged ion, or a cation, is formed when an atom loses one or more valence electrons.
When Sodium and Calcium become an ion, what do they turn into? How many valence electrons do they each lose? Na: Cation and loses 1 valence electrons (Na+). Calcium: Cation and loses 2 electrons (Ca2+).
How are the most common cations produced? By the loss of valence electrons from metal atoms.
The electron configuration of the sodium ion (1s2, 2s2, 2p6) will have the same configuration as which atom? Neon.
The charges of cations of the transition metals... May vary.
How are anions formed? When an atom gains one or more valence electrons.
The name of the anion typically ends in... Give an example. -ide. Ex- Oxide.
Atoms of nonmetallic elements attain noble-gas electron configurations more easily by ______ electrons than by [blocked] because... Gaining. -These atoms have relatively full valence shells.
All halogen atoms have how many valence electrons? How many do they need to gain to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas? 7. -Only one.
What is the electrical charge of an ionic compound? Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
What are ionic compounds? A compound composed of cations and anions.
What are ionic bonds? The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds.
How do anions and cations attract one another? How does this work? Electrostatic forces. -The opposite charges attract one another.
What would happen if you combine sodium and chlorine? Sodium would give up it's valence electron and become a cation while chlorine would become an anion.
What is a chemical formula? It shows the numbers of atoms of each element in the smallest representative unit of a substance.
What is a formula unit? The lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
What are three properties of ionic compounds? 1.) Have high melting points. 2.) Crystalline solids at room temperature. 3.) Conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water.
What is the coordination number of an ion? The number of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal.
Why, when dissolved in water, do ionic compounds conduct electric currents? Because the ions are able to freely move about the solution.
True or false: Metals consist of closely packed cations and loosely held valence electrons rather than neutral atoms. True.
How can you model the valence electrons of metal atoms? Why? The valence electrons of atoms in a pure metal can be modeled as a sea of electrons. -Valence electrons are mobile and can drift freely from one part of the metal to another.
What are metallic bonds? The forces of attraction between the free-floating valence electrons and the positively charged metal ions. These bonds hold metals together.
What are some properties of metals? Good conductors of electric currents, ductile, and malleable.
Why are metals good conductors of electric currents? Because The electrons can flow freely in the metal.
What does ductile mean? Can be drawn into wires.
What does malleable mean? Can be hammered or pressed into shapes.
Why can metals be hit by a hammer, but ionic crystals can't? If an ionic crystal is struck with a hammer, the blow tends to push the positive ions together. The positive ions repel one another, and the crystal shatters.
How is the arrangement of fruit in a stack of oranges similar to the way some metal atoms are arranged in metallic crystals? Metals are also arranged in very compact and orderly patterns.
Name two widely used alloys and describe some of their uses. 1.) Sterling Silver: Harder and more durable than pure silver, yet is still soft enough to be made into jewelry and tableware. 2.) Bronze: Harder than copper and easier to cast into molds. Often found in coins.
Describe how the sea-of electrons model is used to explain the physical properties of metals.
True or false: Metals aren't crystalline. False. Metals are among the simplest forms of all crystalline solids.
In body-centered cubic structure, every atom has... Eight neighbors.
In a face-centered cubic arrangement, every atom has... Twelve neighbors.
In a hexagonal close-packed arrangement, every atom has... However... Twelve neighbors. -Because of its hexagonal shape, the pattern is different from the face-centered cubic arrangement.
What are alloys? Mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
Why are alloys important? Alloys are important because their properties are often superior to those of their component elements.
What are the most important alloys today? Why? Steel. -Corrosion resistant, ductile, harder, and tougher.
Created by: OliviaRoark
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