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Physio Exam 1
Week 3 Info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are electrical synapses? | Local currents can flow directly through the connecting channels from one neuron to the other |
| What are chemical synapses? | Signals are transmitted between 2 neurons by a diffusible chemical messenger |
| Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are... | Diffusible chemical messengers |
| What are ionotropic receptors? | A group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) |
| What induces changes in post-synaptic membrane potentials? | Neurotransmitters |
| What is the speed of ionotropic receptors? | Fast-milliseconds |
| What is the speed of metabotropic receptors? | Slow-seconds, hours, days |
| What are neurotransmitters associated with usually? | Ionotropic receptors |
| What are neuromodulators associated with usually? | Metabotropic receptors |
| What are neuromodulators? | They modify the postsynaptic cell's response to specific neurotransmitter |
| What are the 7 classes of neurotransmitters? | 1. Acetylcholine 2. Biogenic amines 3. Amino acids 4. Neuropeptides 5. Gases 6. Purines 7. Lipids |
| What is a cholinergic neuron? | A neuron that produces acetylcholine |
| What is acetylcholine (ACh)? | A major transmitter in the brain and PNS |
| Neurons are often classified according to the... | Neurotransmitter that they produce |
| How is acetylcholine produced? | From 2 molecules: Acetyl coenzyme A and Choline, by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) |
| What are Nicotinic ACh receptors? | Bind with high affinity ACh and nicotine, ionotropic, and are depolarizing to the postsynaptic membrane |
| What are Muscarinic ACh receptors? | Bind with high affinity ACh and muscarine, metabotropic |
| How is Acetylcholine removed? | Once ACh is released into the synaptic cleft, it is broken down quickly by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| Inhibition of AChE in the CNS is associated with... | Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease |
| Inhibition of AChE in the PNS is associated with... | Myastenia gravis |
| What are biogenic amines? | Neurotransmitters that are small charged molecules synthesized from amino acids and contain an amino group R-NH2 |
| The 3 categories of biogenic amines... | 1. Catecholamines 2. Indolamines 3. Imidazolamines |
| What are catecholamines? | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine |
| What is an example of an indolamine? | Seretonin |
| What is an example of imidazolamine? | Histamine |
| How are catecholamines synthesized? | In presynaptic terminals from the amino acid tyrosine |
| All catecholamine receptors are... | Metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptors) |
| How are catecholamines removed? | Catecholamines diffuse away, are transported back into the axon terminal, and are broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
| How is seretonin synthesized? | Produced from thy amino acid tryptophan |
| There is one ligand-gated ion channel... | The 5-HT3 receptor. This channel is permeable to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions |
| How is seretonin removed? | Extracellular seretonin is pumped back into the cytosol by the selective reuptake transporters (SERT), is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO), and diffuses away |
| What is Histamine? | Produced from the amino acid histidine by a histidine decarboxylase |
| What are amino acids? | Neurotransmitters that are biogenic amines, but traditionally are placed into a separate category |
| What are the 2 excitatory amino acids? | Aspartate and glutamate |
| What are the 2 inhibitory amino acids? | GABA and glycine |
| What is glutamate? | Major excitatory amino acid (50% of excitatory synapses in CNS) |
| Glutamatee neurotransmission is required for... | Learnin and memory and active pain pathways |
| What ions pass through activated glutamate receptor channels? | Sodium and potassium |
| What is long-term potentiation (LTP)? | An activity-dependent strengthening of synapses and one of the major mechanisms that underlies learning and memory |
| What ion is a critical mediator of LTP? | Ca2+ |
| How is glutamate removed? | Some re-uptake into presynaptic terminal, most of the released glutamate is cleared via uptake by astrocytes |
| What is allosteric modulation? | Allosteric modulator binds to the site defferent from agonist binding site |
| What are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)? | Does not affect activity in the absence of agonist and facilitate agonist-mediated receptor activity (efficacy and affinity) |
| What is glycine? | A major neurotransmitter released from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and retina |
| What does glycine bind to in order to increase the influx of chloride? | Ionotropic receptors |
| What are neuropeptides? | 2 or more amino acides linked by peptide bonds. Requires multiple processing steps in the cell |
| What are examples of neuropeptides? | -Endogenous opioids -Substance P -Gastrin -Neuropeptide Y -Vasopressin -Oxytocin |
| What are the 3 gases? | 1. Nitric oxide NO 2. Carbon monoxide CO 3. Hydrogen sulfide H2S |
| ATP is a fast... | Excitatory neurotransmitter |
| What are the cotransmitters of ATP | Glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine |
| What is purinergic signaling? | Plays a pivotal role in many physiological and pathophysiological activities |
| Neuromodulators are derived from... | Phospholipids |
| What is retrograde signaling/neurotransmission? | A process by which a chemical messenger is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels backwards across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron |
| What are endo cannabinoids? | Retrograde messengers that are released on demand from a postsynaptic neuron and diffuse to the presynaptic terminal where they activate targets to alter some aspect of synaptic transmission |
| What neurotransmitters are ionotropic and metabotropic receptors? | Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Glutamate, GABA, and ATP |
| What neurotransmitters are ionotropic receptors only? | Glycine |
| What neurotransmitters are metabotropic receptors only? | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and opiod peptides |
| What is a pathway/tract? | Group of axons traveling together in the CNS |
| What is a pathway/tract called when it links right and left halves of the brain? | Commissure |
| What are ganglia? | Group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
| What are nuclei? | Group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS |
| What are the 3 regions of the brain that become evident in early development? | 1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain |
| What 2 things make up the forebrain? | 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon |
| Does the midbrain have any parts? | No |
| What 3 things make up the hindbrain? | 1. Pons 2. Medulla oblongata 3. Cerebellum |
| What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain? | Corpus callosum |
| What does the cerebrum control? | Behaviral and cognitive complexity |
| How many layers are in the cerebral cortex? | 6 |
| What does the subcortical basal nuclei control? | Movement, posture, and other aspects of behavior |
| What are the 4 lobes of the brain? | 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital |
| What does the thalamus do? | Integrates info going to and from cortex |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | Regulates homeostasis |
| What does the epithalamus do? | Regulates circadian rhythms via release of melatonin |
| What makes up the cortical areas? | Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes and hippocampus |
| What makes up the subcortical areas? | Thalamus and hypothalamus |
| What does the limbic system regulate? | Emotion, feeding, reproduction, learning, and memory |
| What does the cerebellum do? | Control posture and balance and to coordinate movements |
| What does the brainstem do? | All signals that pass between spinal cord and brain must travel through the brainstem. Contains reticular info which is essential for life. Motor functions, cardiovascular control, respiratory control, sleep/wakefulness, and attention |
| The spinal cord lies within the... | Bony vertebral column |
| What does the gray matter contain? | Interneurons, cell bodies, and dendrites of efferent neurons |
| What does the white matter contain? | Myelinated axons |
| Afferent neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal side of the cord via the... | Dorsal roots |
| Efferent neurons exit the spinal cord on the ventral side of the cord via the... | Ventral roots |
| The cell bodies of the afferent neurons are located in... | Dorsal root ganglia |
| What are the 5 vertebral levels? | 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Coccygeal |
| How many spinal nerve pairs are there? | 31 |
| How many cranial nerve pairs are there? | 12 |
| The afferent division is organized based on the types of sensory info that are transmitted such as... | Special senses, somatic sensory, and visceral sensory |
| Describe the somatic efferent division of the PNS | -Nerve fibers that run from the CNS to skeletal muscles -Cell bodies of these neurons are in brainstem or spinal cord -Neurons release acetyl choline which leads to contraction of skeletal muscle |
| Somatic nervous system is... | Straight from CNS to skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic nervous system is... | CNS-Preganglionic fiber-ganglion-postganglionic fiber-smooth or cardiac muscles |
| Somatic nerve fibers can only... | Stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic nerve fibers can... | Both exhibit or inhibit tissue activity |
| What is parasympathetic division? | Rest or digest |
| What is sympathetic division? | Fight or flight |
| What is craniosacral division? | Parasympathetic fibers originate from the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord |
| Many parasympathetic fibers travel in what nerve? | Vagus |
| Where does sympathetic division arise from? | Thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord (thoracolumbar) |
| Most of the sympathetic ganglia lie in chains called... | Sympathetic trunks |
| Where do collateral ganglia lie? | Abdominal cavity |
| Is the arenal medulla part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system? | Sympathetic |
| What happens when the adrenal medulla is stimulated? | Secretion of epinepherine and norepinepherine |
| What are the 2 major neurotransmitters secreted in the PNS? | Acetylcholine and norepinepherine |
| What are cerebral ventricles? | 4 interconnected cavities in the brain that hold cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is it called when cerebral ventricles swell due to injury? | Hydrocephalus |
Created by:
saradrake46
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