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Chemistry Final
Full chemistry overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is considered to be part of the chemistry | Changes to Matter, Properties of Matter, Composition of Matter |
| Chemistry is | the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes |
| what field of sciences studies anything that has mass and takes up space | Chemistry |
| chemist make observations on the _______________ scale that leads to conclusions about ______________ features | Macroscopic , Microscopic |
| what did john dalton develop | Atomic Theory |
| what did Amedeo Avogadro | calculated number of particles in given amount of gas |
| which branch of chemistry would be most concerned with synthesizing new carbon containing compounds | organic chemistry |
| which major branch of chemistry would be most concerned with quantifying the components and composition of an unknown sample of matter | analytical chemistry |
| analytical chemist use | complex instruments to analyze the composition of components in samples of unknown materials |
| which branch of chemistry would be most concerned with researching the chemical reactions that take place during the digestion of food | biochemistry |
| which branch of chemistry would be most concerned with investigating a new way to isolate nickel from nickel containing rocks and sediment | inorganic chemistry |
| organic chemist study substances that contain | Carbon C |
| physical chemist often study | the energy transfers that occur in reactions, including heat energy (rates of chemical reactions and the physical structure ) |
| what type of chemistry is directed toward a specific practical goal | applied chemistry |
| what type of chemistry is done primarily for the sake of advancing knowledge in the field | pure chemistry |
| what type of energy is released by the chemicals in hand-warmers | thermal energy |
| which of the following arrange these four steps of the scientific method in the correct order | Observation -Hypothesis -Experiment -Results |
| which type of reasoning makes a statement or prediction based on a general concept | deductive |
| which outcome of the scientific method is generalized statement that accurately predicts what will be true in all situations without explaining why | law |
| which type of reasoning relies on a collection of evidence to make a generalization | inductive |
| in a substance or object what does mass measure the amount of | matter |
| which of the following would allow you to find the volume of an irregular shaped solid object | water displacement |
| law of conservation | the amount of mass will stay the same before and after a process |
| what physical property of matter measures the force of gravity acting on an object | weight |
| a physical blend of two or more substances that retain their identity and chemical properties | a mixture |
| what does water , copper , methanol have in common | they are pure substances |
| a pure substance is | contains one compound, has the same chemical composition, cannot be separated by physical means |
| is boiling point an intensive or extensive property | intensive property |
| extensive property | a property that depends on the amount of matter in an sample |
| example of extensive properties | mass and volume |
| examples of intensive properties | color and temperature |
| intensive property | a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount |
| physical change | change in which properties of matter change but the identity of the matter does not |
| chemical change | entire new material is formed atoms are rearranged |
| is melting a reversible or irreversible physical change | reversible (freezing) |
| is chopping a reversible or irreversible physical change | irreversible |
| a homogenous mixture is a mixture | in which the composition is uniform thought the mixture |
| uniform in composition solution is special type alloy is an example | homogenous mixture |
| ______ are always considered homogenous mixtures | solutions |
| __________ have fixed compositions whereas ________ vary in composition | compounds , mixtures |
| what is the law of conservation of mass | during a chemical reaction total mass of products must equal the total mass of the reactants . mass cannot be created or destroyed but is conserved |
| all matter contains atoms. atoms in element are identical in size,mass different elements differ. atoms can not be subdivided created or destroyed. in chemical reactions atoms are combined separated or rearranged | John Dalton atomic theory |
| what was wrong in the atomic theory | an atom can be futher subdivided / atoms in an element are not identical in mass / we can create or destroy atoms |
| what did daltons atom look like | solid sphere |
| discovered electrons | J.J Thomson |
| plum pudding model positive charged sphere cloud with electrons scattered throughout | plum pudding model |
| discovered the nucleus | rutherford |
| diffuse cloud of electrons surrounded small positively charged nucleus | nuclear model |
| planetary model electrons move in stable orbits around nucleus | Bohr |
| what makes up the atomic cloud | electrons |
| what are located in the nucleus | protons and electrons |
| electrons are _______ charged | negatively |
| protons are ________ charged | positively |
| neutrons are _______ charged | neutrally |
| when protons and electrons equal this makes the atom | neutrally charged because the positive and the negative cancel out |
| carbon has 6 protons how many electrons does carbon have | 6 |
| the number of protons determine what type of _______ an atom is | element |
| when neutral atoms are made of a certain number of protons and electrons what doesn't have to equal the same number | neutrons |
| how are the atoms of the same element identical | they have the same amount of protons |
| the periodic table is organized by what | increasing atomic number |
| what is atomic number | the number of protons in an element |
| how do you know how many electrons elements have | since atoms are neutral the atomic number tells you amount of electrons |
| the atomic number of chlorine is 17 how many electrons are in chlorine | 17 |
| what is atomic mass | some of protons and neutrons in a nucleus known ass mass number |
| how do you find the number of neutrons in an element | mass number - atomic number |
| how do you write a chemical notation | 52 CR 24 |
| what is the atomic number of 16 O 8 | 8 |
| how many neutrons are in calcium | 20 |
| what are isotopes | atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to a change in the number of electrons |
| isotopes do not affect | chemical reactivity |
| adding or subtracting sig figs round to the | least number of decimal places |
| adding sig figs | round to the least number of sig figs |
| electron clouds | erwin Schrodinger |
| what is an ion | charged atom |
| periodic law | when elements are arranged by atomic mass |
| cation | positved ion lost electrons |
| anion | negative ion gained electrons |
| amplitude | wave height |
| wavelength | distance between two crest |
| quantum mechanical model | determines the allowed energies an electron can have |
| aufbau principle | electrons fill into the lowest energy levels first |
| pauli exclusion principle | each orbital holds 2 electrons, spinning in opposite directions |
| hundis rule | each orbital in equal sublevel will fill before electrons pair up |
| valance electrons | electrons in the outer most shell |
| VSPER | electrons will move as far away from each other as possible |
| what does VSPER stand for | valance shell electron pair repulsion theory |
| size of an atom | atomic radius |
| atomic raduis on a periodic table | decreases from left to right increases from top to bottom |
| tendency of an electron to pull atoms towards it | electronegativity |
| electronegativity on a periodic table | increases from left to right decreases from top to bottom |
| energy required to remove an electron from an gaseous atom | ionization |
| ionization on the periodic table | increases from left to right decreases from top to bottom |
| solid at room temp, high melting point , very stable , 3-D crystal palace , composed of anion and cation , conduct of electricity in water | properties of iconic compounds |
| covalent/molecular bonding | sharing of electron |
| what are the 7 diatomic elements | hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen , fluorine , chlorine , iodine , bromine |
| coordinate covalent bond | share a lone pair with another atom |
| s oribtal | spherical shape -1 orientation |
| p orbital | dumbell shape - 3 orientations |
| d orbital | four leaf clover shape - 5 orientations |
| f orbital | tetrahedral shape 7 orientations |
| the octect rule states | the atom will be the most stable when surrounded by 8 in the valance shell |
| ionic bonding | is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms |
| mono | 1 |
| di | 2 |
| tri | 3 |
| tetra | 4 |
| penta | 5 |
| 6 | hexa |
| hepta | 7 |
| octa | 8 |
| nona | 9 |
| deca | 10 |
| acid | any substance able to give proton |
| if it starts with hydro 2nd element ends in | ic (binary acid) |
| what acids start with hydro | binary |
| what acids never start with hydro | oxyacids |
| if the anion ends in ate the acids ends in | ic |
| if the anion ends in ite the acid ends in | ous |
| ph of less than 7 | acid |
| ph of 7 | netural (water) |
| more than 7 | base |
Created by:
Zariii
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