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Science section 1
for pent science
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Scientific Revolution | A revolution of scientific phenomena that occured during the 16th and 17th centuries |
empiricism | where scientists believe in experiments and conclusions generated by experiments rather than the supernatural |
alchemy | a field of 'science' where natural phenomena are described as supernatural |
element | a substance that cannot be broken down |
atom | the smallest unit of matter |
ion | an atom that has a discrepancy between protons and electrons and has a positive or negative charge |
atomic mass | the mass of an atom |
law of partial pressures | Ptotal= P1+P2+P3+ .... |
reactant | the substances that react with each other in a chemical reaction |
product | the result(s) of a chemical reaction |
law of multiple proportions | If there are two elements that can combine |
nucleus | the center of an atom |
electron | a subatomic particle in an atom that orbits the nucleus and has a negative charge |
proton | a subatomic particle in the nucleus that has a positive charge |
neutron | a subatomic particle in the nucleus that has a negative charge |
atomic number | number of protons |
mass number | neutrons + protons |
isotope | same atom with different mass number |
nuclide | arrangement of particles within a nucleus |
radioactive atoms | atoms that are unstable and decay |
atomic mass unit | unit to measure atoms and atomic masses |
photon | a subatomic light particle (light energy) |
absorption spectrum/emission spectrum | result of examining the photons emitted by an electron when after exciting it |
Bohr model of an atom | where electrons are stationary around a nucleus of protons and neutrons |
quantum mechanical model | where electrons are exhibited by their wave properties and doesn't attempt to describe the path of the electron |
photoelectric effect | where a photon transfers energy to an electron which is then emitted from a metal surface |
periodic table | a table of the elements that attempts to group all the elements according to their properties |
period | a horizontal row on the periodic table |
electron cloud | the area where electrons can be found outside the nucleus |
group | a vertical row on the periodic table |
atomic radius | a measure of atomic size (increases from top to bottom in groups) |
ionization energy | energy required to move a valence electron from the orbit of the nucleus (increases from left to right across periods and decreases from top to bottom in groups) |
electron affinity | attraction between nucleus and electrons (increases from left to right across periods and decreases from top to bottom in groups) |
electronegativity | measure of atom's attraction of electrons from an adjacent atom to which that atom is chemically bonded to |
ionic bond | where an atom pulls one of the electrons away from the other atom because it has a much greater electronegativity and the atoms are subsequently turned into ions attracted to each other |
dipole moment | separation of two electrical charges |
compound | two or more atoms bound together by chemical bonds |
chemical bond | specific arrangement of forces between two atoms |
covalent bond | where two or more atoms share a pair of electrons in their electron clouds |
molecule | where a compound is held together in a constant ratio (usually through covalent bonds) |
chemical formula | the ratio of the multiple different atoms in a compound |
intermolecular forces | forces occurring between molecules |
electrostatic force | force of attraction between positive and negative charges |
intramolecular forces | forces occurring between atoms in a molecule |
metallic bond | where electrons can travel freely throughout the compound |
alloy | a mixture of two metal |
brass | an alloy made of copper and zinc |
van der Waals forces | force of attraction between molecules |
hydrogen bond | a strong intermolecular force between hydrogen atoms and strongly electronegative atoms |
covalent network | where atoms exist covalently bonded and connect to create a large atomic lattice |
translational motion | molecules moving over long distances |
vibrational motion | vibration of molecules |
rotational motion | molecules rotating on the plane |
dispersion forces | when there are no permanent dipoles in a molecule and the intermolecular forces are really weak |
valence electron | an electron on the outermost orbital of an atom |
lewis structure | a way of drawing electrons and bonds in compounds |
hybridization | combination two different types of orbitals |
oxidization state | number that can be assigned to an atom to explain the difference in electrons in forming bonds |
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model | electron pair bond represented but in 3d |
molecular orbital theory | that sigma and pi bond formations can occur and orbitals can bond together more than two elements with only a pair of electrons |
alpha decay | when a radioactive atom loses a helium nucleus |
beta decay | either when a proton in a radioactive atom turns into a neutron and or a neutron to a proton |
beta particle | a subatomic particle (positron |
kinetic energy | energy of motion |
mass spectrometer | an instrument used to find the mass of atoms and their isotopes |