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2.2 and 2.3 vocab
Term | Definition |
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alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
benign | a growth that is not cancer, may grow larger but will not spread through out the body |
centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. |
chromatid | each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
deletion mutation | A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA |
DNA | he genetic information inside the cells of the body that helps make people who they are. |
dominant allele | the relationship between two versions of a gene. |
eukaryotic | any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. |
familial hypercholesterolemia | a genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 250 people and increases the likelihood of having coronary heart disease at a younger age. |
frameshift mutation | An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence. |
gene | The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. |
genome | The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism |
genotype | refers to the genetic makeup of an organism |
gestational diabetes | a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth. |
heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
homologous chromosomes | Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father |
homozygous | having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
insertion mutation | A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA. |
karyotype | the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species. |
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | A procedure that uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body |
malignant | A term used to describe cancer. |
meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
messenger RNA (mRNA) | the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome. |
metastasis | the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. |
mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
mutation | changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations |
nondisjunction | failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei |
nucleotides | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
pedigree | the pattern of certain genes or diseases within a family. |
phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
plan of care | a presentation of information that easily describes the services and support being given to a person |
point mutation | a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. |
polymerase chain reaction | a method of making multiple copies of a DNA sequence, involving repeated reactions with a polymerase. |
prognosis | The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence. |
protein | A molecule made up of amino acids |
protein synthesis | the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and various enzymes. |
punnett square | a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given |
recessive allele | A type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual |
restriction enzyme | an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. |
ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. |
sex chromosomes | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
silent mutation | when the change of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein-coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the gene's protein. |
ultrasound imaging | uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body. |