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Midterm Review PS
This is a review over chapters 1-7 in the Physical Science 6th edition textbook.
| Question/Term | Answer/definition |
|---|---|
| What is the meaning of Romans 11:34-36? | Christian worldview praises God |
| What are the 5 senses? | touch taste sight hear smell |
| How does physical science relate to other sciences? | Life science and earth science overlap under categories of mineralogy, astronautical engineering, and geophysics. Life science and physical science overlap under the categories of biochemistry, nutrition, biophysics, pharmacology |
| Why can we study the universe systematically? | If phenomena were completely random, we would have to accept just watching events happen but investigating them would be impossible. |
| Where does order come from? | God created all things out of nothing, as seen in Genesis. |
| Does God need a cause for existence? | No, because the law of cause and effects only relates to everything IN OUR WORLD. God existed before all things, and so he is not and can not be characterised under the law of cause and effect. |
| How do we follow the christian mandate? | Studying and caring for God's creation. |
| What 3 things should christian ethics be based upon? | Biblical principles, biblical outcomes, and Biblical motivations. |
| An observation involves what 5 things? | The five senses |
| Why do we classify matter? | Classifying systems provide a structure within which we can conduct a scientific study. |
| what three properties make up matter? | Physical, chemical and Nuclear |
| What are the two types of pure substances? | elements and compounds |
| Define element | |
| Who demonstrated that fire could not be an element? | Antoine Lavoisier |
| Who recognized groups of three elements with similar properties? | Johann Dobereiner |
| How did the idea of triads influence the development of the periodic table, even though more than three elements share similar properties? | It gave rise to the idea of periodicity |
| The development of the modern periodic table came as a result of | Scientists attempting to arrange the information known to them; scientists recognizing the periodic nature of the elements; scientists organizing the elements in a way that relates their position with the structure of the atoms themselves. |
| What is not evidence that a chemical change has occurred? | a change in size |
| What is a mole? | A quantity |
| What kind of reaction occurs when water breaks up into hydrogen and oxygen gas? | decomposition |
| The term oxidation is used to day to refer to | any reaction where electrons are lost |
| What happens in redox reactions? | An element loses and gains electrons |
| Chemical reactions that give off heat are called | exothermic reactions |
| Describes a chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs | exothermic |
| describes a chemical reaction whose products contain more stored energy than its reactants | endothermic |
| Lowers the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction | catalyst |
| slows the rate of a reaction | inhibitor |
| The energy needed to start a chemical reaction | activation energy |
| The gaining of electrons during a chemical reaction | reduction |
| the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction | oxidation |
| the speed of a chemical reaction | reaction rate |
| The octet rule is generally most stable when | they have eight electrons in their valance energy level |
| the properties of water are different from the properties of hydrogen and oxygen because | chemical bonding changes the properties |
| Covalent bonding forms _______, while ionic bonding formed _______ | Molecules; crystals |
| Why does diatomic nitrogen form triple bonds? | Nitrogen needs three additional electrons to complete its octet |
| What atom is most likely to take valence electrons in ionic bonding? | an atom with high electronegativity |
| Molecules made of exactly two atoms are called | diatomic molecules |
| Unequal distribution of electric charge is called | polarity |
| A group of covalently bonded atoms that together have a net charge is a | polyatomic ion |
| an alchemist who believed that it was possible to change one element to another, he published the skeptical chymist | Robert Boyle |
| Demonstrated combustion requires oxygen, meaning fire couldn't be an element. He also made the first list of the 33 known elements at the time | Antoine lavoisier |
| He made triads, triads were 3 elements in a group with similar properties. This discovery eventually led to the discovery of periodicity, | Johann Doberiner |
| Swedish nerd who named each element on the periodic table with its latin or current name, and he made superscripts | Jacob Berzelius |
| Developed the law of octaves, and created with the earliest form of periodic law; also a musician; expanded triads to octets | John Newlands |
| Organized the elements like in our modern periodic table, but he had blank spaces for undiscovered elements | Demitri Mendeleev |
| Used a new technique called x-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number for each element. He also updated the periodic table | Henry moseley |
| Straight chain | a single continuous series of any number of carbon atoms bonded together. |
| Branched chain | carbon atoms that connect to other carbon atoms that are not on the ends of a straight chain |
| Rings | Made by connecting two ends of a continuous chain |
| hydrocarbons | compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen |
| Two molecules with the same formula but different structures | isomer |
| Gigantic molecules formed by linking many smaller monomers | Polymers |
| Molecules linked together to form polymers | monomers |
| Biochemistry | the study of living organisms |
| Carbohydrates | compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The hydrogen and oxygen are usually in a ratio of 2:1 |
| Proteins | Polymers formed by linking hundredsLipids of amino acids |
| lipids | organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol |
| saturated fats | single bonds |
| unsaturated fats | one or more double bonds |
| Sugars | simple carbohydrates that provide quick energy |
| Glucose and factose | common sugars |
| Starches | more complex carbohydrates formed by linking glucose molecules to form large polymers |
| Organic compounds contain what? | Carbon |
| Which carbon frameworks can be found in organic molecules? | straight chains, rings, and branched chains |
| Hydrocarbons are compounds made of what? | Carbon and hydrogen |
| Pentene, a hydrocarbon is an example of what? | Unsaturated hydrocarbon |
| Alkanes have at least one | triple bond |
| isomers have the same | molecular formulas |
| what's the difference between substituted hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons | Substituted hydrocarbons have a different atom or group of atoms in place of a hydrocarbon |
| Which group of substituted hydrocarbons has a hydroxyl group? | alcohols |
| smaller monomers are linked together to form | polymers |
| Fruits, veggies, and grains are common sources of what? | carboydrates |
| Glucose, sucrose, and fructose molecules are called | starches |
| amino acids link together to form which polymer? | proteins |
| science | the systematic study of the universe to produce observations, inferences, and models |
| Principle of uniformity of nature | declares that nature acts the same today as it did yesterday and that we can fully expect it to act the same way tomorrow. |
| Creation mandate | God's commandment to humans to exercise wise and good dominion over His creation for the glory of God and the benefit of their fellow humans |
| Ethics | a system of moral values or a theory of proper conduct |
| model | a workable explanation or description of a phenomenon |
| Theory | a model that explains a related set of phenomena. |
| Law | a model, often expressed as a mathematical equation that describes phenomena under certain conditions. |
| Hypothesis | an initial, testable explanation of a phenomenon that stimulates and guides the scientific investigation |
| Scientific inquiry | an ongoing, orderly, cyclical approach used to investigate the world. |
| Measurements | quantitative data; based on numbers or quanities |
| SI | international system of units |
| derived units | mathematical combinations of two or more of the base units |
| Accuracy | compares a measurement to the accepted or expected value of a measurement |
| precision | the degree of exactness of the measurements |
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Law of definite proportions | a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio and does not depend on its source and method of preparation. |
| Brownian motion | Robert brown's discovery about particles colliding, causing random motion |
| Diffusion | the constant random motion of air particles |
| particle model of matter | all physical matter exists in the form of particles in constant motion |
| Atom | the building block of all matter |
| molecule | a distinct group of two or more atoms covalently bonded together |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| volume | the space enclosed or occupied by an object |
| Density | the mass of matter contained within a particular volume |
| weight | the measure of gravity acting on the matter in an object |
| pure substance | A material made of only one kind of element or compound; it is not a mixture |
| element | A pure substance that consists of atoms with the same atomic number |
| Compound | a pure substance consisting of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined |
| Mixture | aa physical combination of two or more substances in a changeable ratio |
| Heterogeneous mixture | mixture without a uniform appearance since the substances are unevenly distributed. |
| Homogeneous mixture | a mixture that has a uniform appearance throughout |
| Solid liquid gas and plasma | the four most common states of matter |
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